[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Just like Horace attests that the Painters and Poets have always had the freedom to consist in everything. She is a second nature, because she teaches to imitate all abundant and perfect works of the Created and continually producing nature, by means of drawing after, and in such a way, that the eyes of the beholders are seduced by it, and the hands, as if wanting to touch something naturally, can be tempted.

HORATIUS

Horace is not mentioned in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Just like Horace attests that the Painters and Poets have always had the freedom to consist in everything. She is a second nature, because she teaches to imitate all abundant and perfect works of the Created and continually producing nature, by means of drawing after, and in such a way, that the eyes of the beholders are seduced by it, and the hands, as if wanting to touch something naturally, can be tempted.

HORATIUS

Horace is not mentioned in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Example of the power of Art.} The eyes of Man (he says) linger with a speechless amazement, when they watch this Painting; because they relive the situation of the Ancient History, by the allurement of the present Image, believing that living Bodies are depicted in that silent contour of members.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS

The English translation takes over elements of this section at the top of page 2, but the text is considerably shorter and different. The difference is likely due to the fact that the English translation is based on the first Dutch edition of 1668. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Example of the power of Art.} The eyes of Man (he says) linger with a speechless amazement, when they watch this Painting; because they relive the situation of the Ancient History, by the allurement of the present Image, believing that living Bodies are depicted in that silent contour of members.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS

The English translation takes over elements of this section at the top of page 2, but the text is considerably shorter and different. The difference is likely due to the fact that the English translation is based on the first Dutch edition of 1668. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What the Art of Drawing consists of.} In itself she consists therein, that she depicts, by means of strokes, lines, contours, dark and light, all conceivable, true, ephemeral and present, yes future things as well, which can be contained in a shape, on a flat surface, appearing round and elevated

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {The Art of Drawing is mostly necessary for the Art of Painting.} as such it is easy to judge that the beginning and end of the highly praised Art of Painting, is necessary until the highest level: she is certainly useful somewhere here she is necessary, here it should do everything, yes she has to be the Soul that gives life to the Art of Painting; Just like the Soul lives in Man and makes the body pleasant, similarly the Drawing provides the Art of Painting the lively action; and as far as the Soul surpasses the body; as such the Drawing surpasses the Painting. {The Art of Drawing is the Soul of the Art of Painting.} The Soul is said to be able to stay in a person and independently exist outside the Body: But the Body cannot be without the Soul. As such the Art of Drawing can exist in a perfectly drawn depiction independently from the Art of Painting, but Painting is dead and lifeless without Drawing. But like the Body makes a complete Man with the Soul, similarly Drawing and Painting have to produce the Painting; it remains true however, that the Art of Drawing in particular, in comparison to Painting, greatly surpasses it. {One may find more bad Draughtsmen who can Paint well, than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly.} This is proven to us even further by everyday experience, in which one sees that on can find more Painters than bad Draughtsmen can Paint reasonably well; than good Draughtsmen who Paint badly; just like it has been noted by F. Junius in this regard, that the famous Ancient Painter did not so much place the comeliness and power of their Art in the adding of Colours, to embellish their things, but rather in the sense of a very steady Art of Drawing.

JUNIUS, Franciscus

Junius is not mentioned in the English translation. In fact, the whole comparison between Painters and Draughtsmen in the Dutch original (second edition) is missing in the English translation (after the first Dutch edition). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And to conclude the true power of the Art of Drawing by means of an argument, let us then hear how Philostratus describes it to us in his second book in the life of Apollonius, where he argues as follows. {How Philostratus describes the Art of Drawing.) It cannot be denied (he says) that the lines that exist without any ostentation of colour but only in light and shadow, deserve the name of Painting; as we discern not only the likenesses of the depicted Persons, but also their movements;

PHILOSTRATOS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {The Art of Drawing needs a complete Man.} Now that this Art of Drawing (whether she has her use for the Art of Painting or for her own perfection) stretches very widely, and contains far more secrets than most would think, and as a great knowledge is necessary for it, (as has recently been shown in our Inleydingh tot de Schilder-Konst, and will be discussed more in this and our next Work;) as such one should know that it needs the senses and bright judgement of a complete Man, to be able to understand it profoundly and wisely, and which a Man, whom the name of Master suits, should definitely apply. Therefore nobody can contradict, that we propose a easily understandable instruction to the young Pupils, to point out as much as possible, the true characteristics and special observations of this Art so plainly in it, that even the lesser minds can be taken quite far in the first beginnings with time and labour.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {The Art of Drawing needs a complete Man.} Now that this Art of Drawing (whether she has her use for the Art of Painting or for her own perfection) stretches very widely, and contains far more secrets than most would think, and as a great knowledge is necessary for it, (as has recently been shown in our Inleydingh tot de Schilder-Konst, and will be discussed more in this and our next Work;) as such one should know that it needs the senses and bright judgement of a complete Man, to be able to understand it profoundly and wisely, and which a Man, whom the name of Master suits, should definitely apply. Therefore nobody can contradict, that we propose a easily understandable instruction to the young Pupils, to point out as much as possible, the true characteristics and special observations of this Art so plainly in it, that even the lesser minds can be taken quite far in the first beginnings with time and labour.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {The Art of Drawing needs a complete Man.} Now that this Art of Drawing (whether she has her use for the Art of Painting or for her own perfection) stretches very widely, and contains far more secrets than most would think, and as a great knowledge is necessary for it, (as has recently been shown in our Inleydingh tot de Schilder-Konst, and will be discussed more in this and our next Work;) as such one should know that it needs the senses and bright judgement of a complete Man, to be able to understand it profoundly and wisely, and which a Man, whom the name of Master suits, should definitely apply. Therefore nobody can contradict, that we propose a easily understandable instruction to the young Pupils, to point out as much as possible, the true characteristics and special observations of this Art so plainly in it, that even the lesser minds can be taken quite far in the first beginnings with time and labour.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {The Art of Drawing needs a complete Man.} Now that this Art of Drawing (whether she has her use for the Art of Painting or for her own perfection) stretches very widely, and contains far more secrets than most would think, and as a great knowledge is necessary for it, (as has recently been shown in our Inleydingh tot de Schilder-Konst, and will be discussed more in this and our next Work;) as such one should know that it needs the senses and bright judgement of a complete Man, to be able to understand it profoundly and wisely, and which a Man, whom the name of Master suits, should definitely apply. Therefore nobody can contradict, that we propose a easily understandable instruction to the young Pupils, to point out as much as possible, the true characteristics and special observations of this Art so plainly in it, that even the lesser minds can be taken quite far in the first beginnings with time and labour.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {The Art of Drawing needs a complete Man.} Now that this Art of Drawing (whether she has her use for the Art of Painting or for her own perfection) stretches very widely, and contains far more secrets than most would think, and as a great knowledge is necessary for it, (as has recently been shown in our Inleydingh tot de Schilder-Konst, and will be discussed more in this and our next Work;) as such one should know that it needs the senses and bright judgement of a complete Man, to be able to understand it profoundly and wisely, and which a Man, whom the name of Master suits, should definitely apply. Therefore nobody can contradict, that we propose a easily understandable instruction to the young Pupils, to point out as much as possible, the true characteristics and special observations of this Art so plainly in it, that even the lesser minds can be taken quite far in the first beginnings with time and labour.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Desire should give the first impulse to the Arts.} Nobody (the Peripatetic Philosophers tend to say) can obtain any useful Sciences, unless he has a special desire for it. Which one should understand of such a desire, that is inclined and stimulated to such an Art, together with the favorability of nature; Seen that the youth always tends to be inclined to something specific it wants to do, and afterwards becomes it.

philosophes péripétaticiens

In the English translation, no reference is made to the peripatetic philosophers, who are cited in the Dutch original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Desire should give the first impulse to the Arts.} Nobody (the Peripatetic Philosophers tend to say) can obtain any useful Sciences, unless he has a special desire for it. Which one should understand of such a desire, that is inclined and stimulated to such an Art, together with the favorability of nature; Seen that the youth always tends to be inclined to something specific it wants to do, and afterwards becomes it.

philosophes péripétaticiens

In the English translation, no reference is made to the peripatetic philosophers, who are cited in the Dutch original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Means by which one should practice oneself in this Art.} Now the means by which one can practice oneself in this art, can successfully be divided into two general parts: the one is the instruction, the other the practice of the Pupil himself. {How the instruction takes place.} The instruction takes place by a Master, either with regard to some Art that one imitates by means of Drawing, or with regard to the natural life, and what else can be included in it, after that there is the natural life, the Master and the instruction of the Pupil himself.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

In English, this term is translated as: 'proportion of augmentation and diminuition'. The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

In English, this term is translated as: 'proportion of augmentation and diminuition'. The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {It is advised to first understand Perspective.} And of this it would be the most reasonable, that a young draughtsman, first learns to understand the Perspective, by means of easy and comprehensible rules, in order for him to early obtain the knowledge of everything’s right proportion, and position of observation, without which science neither the basis of this Art, nor the sense of all that is being made, cannot be understood. {As the Perspective is a bit too heavy for the very beginners, one should attempt to teach them while learning other things.} Yet if the young men are often still a bit too weak in the beginning, and are unable to understand several things, as such one could let them spend some time with drawing after some easy examples, and by doing so, as quickly as possible opening the eyes for the rules of Perspective, in order for them to learn the Perspective simultaneously with the Drawing;

In English, this term is translated as: 'proportion of augmentation and diminuition'. The second part of this section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Faces are subject to much change.} Then one should lead them towards the composing of Faces and heads, which are subject to the most change, and therein foremost provide education about the Oval or Egg-round, with different changes of the cross, in order for them to learn to understand that way the movement of all sorts of Faces, following the explanation of some Drawing-books, or other explanatory sketches, which one introduces to them:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Faces are subject to much change.} Then one should lead them towards the composing of Faces and heads, which are subject to the most change, and therein foremost provide education about the Oval or Egg-round, with different changes of the cross, in order for them to learn to understand that way the movement of all sorts of Faces, following the explanation of some Drawing-books, or other explanatory sketches, which one introduces to them:

In the English translation, there is no reference to drawing books. Instead, the translator refers the reader to the examples at the end of the book. This large series of examples is indeed particular for the English translation and absent in the German and Dutch books. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Faces are subject to much change.} Then one should lead them towards the composing of Faces and heads, which are subject to the most change, and therein foremost provide education about the Oval or Egg-round, with different changes of the cross, in order for them to learn to understand that way the movement of all sorts of Faces, following the explanation of some Drawing-books, or other explanatory sketches, which one introduces to them:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] as one will find in Drawing (both after Drawings, Prints, Paintings and the Life), that one Head differs greatly from the other with regard to its contour, that is some are longer, others wider and rounder, these are wide at the top, narrow below, others at the other hand wide below and at the top flat, etcetera, like we have found even twelve different shapes amongst the Anatomical, of which some were more and others less Oval:

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] as one will find in Drawing (both after Drawings, Prints, Paintings and the Life), that one Head differs greatly from the other with regard to its contour, that is some are longer, others wider and rounder, these are wide at the top, narrow below, others at the other hand wide below and at the top flat, etcetera, like we have found even twelve different shapes amongst the Anatomical, of which some were more and others less Oval:

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Use of this instruction.} Once this has been imprinted in the Pupils and understood by them, they will soon be able to sketch masterfully and competently point out different sorts of beautiful Faces, with knowledge of the reason, from the Mind: Where otherwise they would not know what they are doing after a flat copy, nor what its use is;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Use of this instruction.} Once this has been imprinted in the Pupils and understood by them, they will soon be able to sketch masterfully and competently point out different sorts of beautiful Faces, with knowledge of the reason, from the Mind: Where otherwise they would not know what they are doing after a flat copy, nor what its use is;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Use of this instruction.} Once this has been imprinted in the Pupils and understood by them, they will soon be able to sketch masterfully and competently point out different sorts of beautiful Faces, with knowledge of the reason, from the Mind: Where otherwise they would not know what they are doing after a flat copy, nor what its use is;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Much depends on the Master and the good instruction.} We cannot neglect to remark here, how much of it depends on the good instruction, and therefore one should pay good attention to select a good Master, who simultaneously has a good manner of teaching and a good knowledge and manner of Drawing: because usually the wagon goes the way the conductor is placed. Moreover, it is not always certain that great Masters are good teachers, but lucky are those who find both virtues in their Master:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Much depends on the Master and the good instruction.} We cannot neglect to remark here, how much of it depends on the good instruction, and therefore one should pay good attention to select a good Master, who simultaneously has a good manner of teaching and a good knowledge and manner of Drawing: because usually the wagon goes the way the conductor is placed. Moreover, it is not always certain that great Masters are good teachers, but lucky are those who find both virtues in their Master:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Much depends on the Master and the good instruction.} We cannot neglect to remark here, how much of it depends on the good instruction, and therefore one should pay good attention to select a good Master, who simultaneously has a good manner of teaching and a good knowledge and manner of Drawing: because usually the wagon goes the way the conductor is placed. Moreover, it is not always certain that great Masters are good teachers, but lucky are those who find both virtues in their Master:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Sensible instruction is best for the Pupils.} Sensible instruction will be most beneficial for the Pupil; concerning the great Mastery, it will eventually emerge from the innate nature after the practicing of such good instruction.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Sensible instruction is best for the Pupils.} Sensible instruction will be most beneficial for the Pupil; concerning the great Mastery, it will eventually emerge from the innate nature after the practicing of such good instruction.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Sensible instruction is best for the Pupils.} Sensible instruction will be most beneficial for the Pupil; concerning the great Mastery, it will eventually emerge from the innate nature after the practicing of such good instruction.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Sensible instruction is best for the Pupils.} Sensible instruction will be most beneficial for the Pupil; concerning the great Mastery, it will eventually emerge from the innate nature after the practicing of such good instruction.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Remark about the Art of Imitation.} Beforehand we should point out that one can stimulate Children to anything that concerns the Art of Painting by means of the Art of following or imitation, because although it is impossible to prescribe everything that the Art of Drawing entails separately, as such the Art of Imitation gives great assistance to the Art of Drawing. Where can one find a Painter (says Quintilian), who has learned to draw everything that occurs in nature, yet an artful Master who has the right manner of imitation is never wanting to nicely depict all that occurs to him. After we have gotten the young pupils going with the instruction of the small principles of imitation, and that they have obtained the principle of imitation by this first action, as such they should be kept busy diligently and long with the drawing after good well-executed and comprehensive Drawings, which we believe to be much more useful and adequate than any Art of Print; {Drawing after Drawings is very useful.} the reason for this is that in a good Drawing they will not only see the composition, steady Drawing, sensible whiteness of the contours, light and shadow, touches and highlights, but they will also see the manner of treatment and nature of drawing, which they cannot see and therefore cannot learn from a Print, except after a long time and great sad labour, often without obtaining a steady manner, causing that their things will sometimes occur like this or that, haphazardly.

QUINTILIANUS

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {More information regarding drawing after prints.} In passing we should also remark that we do not believe that the Drawing after Prints is completely unadvisable, certainly not, but we say to the contrary that for those who have already obtained a good manner, and are starting to stand on their own two feet, they may certainly focus on drawing a lot after prints, yes drawing after everything that seems beautiful to them, without limitations; {Use of this.} not necessarily whole Prints (unless they are worth it) but those things that are special in them, be it beautiful Figures, nice and antique Clothing that are sensibly and convincingly folded, well-conceived and True actions and what else, taking free time for it, such as Winter evenings and early mornings, especially if one can dedicate the daytime to other studies, either Composing or Painting; and one should do all this with the objective that one might become steady and perfect through lengthily drawing after beautiful things, and imprint the Mind gradually full of beautiful thoughts, which manner of doing is still opposed (albeit undeservedly and without reason) by some.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after prints. This section is rather different in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {More information regarding drawing after prints.} In passing we should also remark that we do not believe that the Drawing after Prints is completely unadvisable, certainly not, but we say to the contrary that for those who have already obtained a good manner, and are starting to stand on their own two feet, they may certainly focus on drawing a lot after prints, yes drawing after everything that seems beautiful to them, without limitations; {Use of this.} not necessarily whole Prints (unless they are worth it) but those things that are special in them, be it beautiful Figures, nice and antique Clothing that are sensibly and convincingly folded, well-conceived and True actions and what else, taking free time for it, such as Winter evenings and early mornings, especially if one can dedicate the daytime to other studies, either Composing or Painting; and one should do all this with the objective that one might become steady and perfect through lengthily drawing after beautiful things, and imprint the Mind gradually full of beautiful thoughts, which manner of doing is still opposed (albeit undeservedly and without reason) by some.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after prints. This section is rather different in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {More information regarding drawing after prints.} In passing we should also remark that we do not believe that the Drawing after Prints is completely unadvisable, certainly not, but we say to the contrary that for those who have already obtained a good manner, and are starting to stand on their own two feet, they may certainly focus on drawing a lot after prints, yes drawing after everything that seems beautiful to them, without limitations; {Use of this.} not necessarily whole Prints (unless they are worth it) but those things that are special in them, be it beautiful Figures, nice and antique Clothing that are sensibly and convincingly folded, well-conceived and True actions and what else, taking free time for it, such as Winter evenings and early mornings, especially if one can dedicate the daytime to other studies, either Composing or Painting; and one should do all this with the objective that one might become steady and perfect through lengthily drawing after beautiful things, and imprint the Mind gradually full of beautiful thoughts, which manner of doing is still opposed (albeit undeservedly and without reason) by some.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after prints. This section is rather different in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {More information regarding drawing after prints.} In passing we should also remark that we do not believe that the Drawing after Prints is completely unadvisable, certainly not, but we say to the contrary that for those who have already obtained a good manner, and are starting to stand on their own two feet, they may certainly focus on drawing a lot after prints, yes drawing after everything that seems beautiful to them, without limitations; {Use of this.} not necessarily whole Prints (unless they are worth it) but those things that are special in them, be it beautiful Figures, nice and antique Clothing that are sensibly and convincingly folded, well-conceived and True actions and what else, taking free time for it, such as Winter evenings and early mornings, especially if one can dedicate the daytime to other studies, either Composing or Painting; and one should do all this with the objective that one might become steady and perfect through lengthily drawing after beautiful things, and imprint the Mind gradually full of beautiful thoughts, which manner of doing is still opposed (albeit undeservedly and without reason) by some.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after prints. This section is rather different in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after Paintings.} While the youth is busying itself with Drawing after [ndr. things], one should lead them from easy to harder; and once they have climbed this staircase, stimulate them to draw after good and well-drawn Paintings, and one should make them convert these from a great to a small format, sometimes let them enlarge them from the small [ndr. format], through which they will quickly learn to guess and obtain a steady composition. {It demands more knowledge.} And as this is the second step, it is more difficult and requires more knowledge and judgement: Because in a Painting one does not find exactness of the contours through strokes clearly defined, nor the manner of Drawing, nor light and light (which hides in different colors). And while in Drawing one has to depict the right balance between dark and light by means of one material, as such several observations are necessary, to acquire in a Drawing the balance of colors, or decent advancing or detracting, which is in a Painting, […]

I have chosen to translate ‘houding’ with ‘balance of colors’ for this translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after Paintings.} While the youth is busying itself with Drawing after [ndr. things], one should lead them from easy to harder; and once they have climbed this staircase, stimulate them to draw after good and well-drawn Paintings, and one should make them convert these from a great to a small format, sometimes let them enlarge them from the small [ndr. format], through which they will quickly learn to guess and obtain a steady composition. {It demands more knowledge.} And as this is the second step, it is more difficult and requires more knowledge and judgement: Because in a Painting one does not find exactness of the contours through strokes clearly defined, nor the manner of Drawing, nor light and light (which hides in different colors). And while in Drawing one has to depict the right balance between dark and light by means of one material, as such several observations are necessary, to acquire in a Drawing the balance of colors, or decent advancing or detracting, which is in a Painting, […]

I have chosen to translate ‘houding’ with ‘balance of colors’ for this translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after Paintings.} While the youth is busying itself with Drawing after [ndr. things], one should lead them from easy to harder; and once they have climbed this staircase, stimulate them to draw after good and well-drawn Paintings, and one should make them convert these from a great to a small format, sometimes let them enlarge them from the small [ndr. format], through which they will quickly learn to guess and obtain a steady composition. {It demands more knowledge.} And as this is the second step, it is more difficult and requires more knowledge and judgement: Because in a Painting one does not find exactness of the contours through strokes clearly defined, nor the manner of Drawing, nor light and light (which hides in different colors). And while in Drawing one has to depict the right balance between dark and light by means of one material, as such several observations are necessary, to acquire in a Drawing the balance of colors, or decent advancing or detracting, which is in a Painting, […]

I have chosen to translate ‘houding’ with ‘balance of colors’ for this translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after Paintings.} While the youth is busying itself with Drawing after [ndr. things], one should lead them from easy to harder; and once they have climbed this staircase, stimulate them to draw after good and well-drawn Paintings, and one should make them convert these from a great to a small format, sometimes let them enlarge them from the small [ndr. format], through which they will quickly learn to guess and obtain a steady composition. {It demands more knowledge.} And as this is the second step, it is more difficult and requires more knowledge and judgement: Because in a Painting one does not find exactness of the contours through strokes clearly defined, nor the manner of Drawing, nor light and light (which hides in different colors). And while in Drawing one has to depict the right balance between dark and light by means of one material, as such several observations are necessary, to acquire in a Drawing the balance of colors, or decent advancing or detracting, which is in a Painting, […]

I have chosen to translate ‘houding’ with ‘balance of colors’ for this translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after Paintings.} While the youth is busying itself with Drawing after [ndr. things], one should lead them from easy to harder; and once they have climbed this staircase, stimulate them to draw after good and well-drawn Paintings, and one should make them convert these from a great to a small format, sometimes let them enlarge them from the small [ndr. format], through which they will quickly learn to guess and obtain a steady composition. {It demands more knowledge.} And as this is the second step, it is more difficult and requires more knowledge and judgement: Because in a Painting one does not find exactness of the contours through strokes clearly defined, nor the manner of Drawing, nor light and light (which hides in different colors). And while in Drawing one has to depict the right balance between dark and light by means of one material, as such several observations are necessary, to acquire in a Drawing the balance of colors, or decent advancing or detracting, which is in a Painting, […]

I have chosen to translate ‘houding’ with ‘balance of colors’ for this translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing after round modeling and Plaster work.} As such it is highly necessary to recommend the Drawing after round work, be it modeled or in plaster, by good Masters, which we can nowadays acquire for a low Price: Of which we could list some of the most common Statues, such as all things by Francisco [ndr.: François Duquesnoy], who has made a group of beautiful small children, and his Gladiator is a remarkably beautiful Statue, The Rape of the Sabine by Giambologna. The Laocoon; the Wrestlers, the Greek Venus, Hercules, Hermes, the Anatomical Men with different movements; as well as some Animals such as Horses, Oxes, Cowes, Lions, Dogs and such, that are also useful and necessary; (…) {Drawing after Plaster is an introduction to the life.} The reason why drawing after plaster is so necessary, is because it may serve as an introduction to the life: And just like Drawing after Paintings is more difficult than after Drawings for the aforementioned reason, as such the Drawing after Plaster is more difficult than after Painting, because in Plaster one does not so much have the certainty of the contours, less than in a Painting, nor the determination of light and shadow, pointed out, as [ndr: they are] in a Painting or Drawing;

AGESANDROS OF RHODES, ATHENODOROS et POLYDOROS, Laocoon et ses fils, 40 avant J.C. - 20 avant J.C., marbre, 208 x 163 x 112, Vatican, Vatican, Museo Pio-Clementino, Inv. 1059.
ANONYME, Wrestlers, antique sculpture (dans GOEREE, 1670a, p. 68)
GIAMBOLOGNA (Jean de Boulogne), L'enlèvement des Sabines, 1574 - 1582, marbre, h 410, Piazza della Signoria, Loggia dei Lanzi.

Anciens (les)
DUQUESNOY, François
GIAMBOLOGNA (Jean de Boulogne)

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after plaster casts and refers it to working after the two-dimensional example. I have not been able to identify all the ancient sculptures that are mentioned. Hercules could refer to the Hercules Farnese, but not necessarily. Similarly, the Hermes could be the Apollo Belvedere. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And therefore it is very necessary, as soon as one somewhat understands the aforementioned things, that one moves to the Drawing after Life, besides practicing oneself with all natural Creatures, in the drawing after that delightful Creature, the Human Figure {The Human Figures is the principal thing.}, in which the wise God and Creator has contained all visible and invisible things, all that is in the whole World, as in a summary.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after the life. This section is somewhat different in the English translation, where the text places more emphasis on the diligence of the pupil. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And therefore it is very necessary, as soon as one somewhat understands the aforementioned things, that one moves to the Drawing after Life, besides practicing oneself with all natural Creatures, in the drawing after that delightful Creature, the Human Figure {The Human Figures is the principal thing.}, in which the wise God and Creator has contained all visible and invisible things, all that is in the whole World, as in a summary.

Goeree discerns different types of drawing and gives ample advice and commentary. Here he discusses the practice of drawing after the life. This section is somewhat different in the English translation, where the text places more emphasis on the diligence of the pupil. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Arrogance of some who are starting to be able to do something.} But most of all one should not pride oneself, once one begins to be able to do and know something, that one can do enough, and immediately move to the Brush, now wanting to be a Painter instead of a Draughtsman, letting go of Drawing from that perspective; Which incompetent arrogance nowadays regrettably bothers many young Painters; notwithstanding that we have so many Examples of good Masters, who during their entire life, have taken their weekly Colleges, and have drawn their Academy Figures: and all this not haphazardly, when they felt like it, but they have made a habit out of Drawing until the end of their lives. As the mass of good Drawings that now and then comes to light after the decease of great Masters, can bear witness. It used to be common in Rome, and it was practices a lot, that one did not allow the Youth to do anything else for sixteen, eighteen, yes sometimes twenty years long, than Drawing, without ever taking Paint or Brush in hand.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Arrogance of some who are starting to be able to do something.} But most of all one should not pride oneself, once one begins to be able to do and know something, that one can do enough, and immediately move to the Brush, now wanting to be a Painter instead of a Draughtsman, letting go of Drawing from that perspective; Which incompetent arrogance nowadays regrettably bothers many young Painters; notwithstanding that we have so many Examples of good Masters, who during their entire life, have taken their weekly Colleges, and have drawn their Academy Figures: and all this not haphazardly, when they felt like it, but they have made a habit out of Drawing until the end of their lives. As the mass of good Drawings that now and then comes to light after the decease of great Masters, can bear witness. It used to be common in Rome, and it was practices a lot, that one did not allow the Youth to do anything else for sixteen, eighteen, yes sometimes twenty years long, than Drawing, without ever taking Paint or Brush in hand.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Arrogance of some who are starting to be able to do something.} But most of all one should not pride oneself, once one begins to be able to do and know something, that one can do enough, and immediately move to the Brush, now wanting to be a Painter instead of a Draughtsman, letting go of Drawing from that perspective; Which incompetent arrogance nowadays regrettably bothers many young Painters; notwithstanding that we have so many Examples of good Masters, who during their entire life, have taken their weekly Colleges, and have drawn their Academy Figures: and all this not haphazardly, when they felt like it, but they have made a habit out of Drawing until the end of their lives. As the mass of good Drawings that now and then comes to light after the decease of great Masters, can bear witness. It used to be common in Rome, and it was practices a lot, that one did not allow the Youth to do anything else for sixteen, eighteen, yes sometimes twenty years long, than Drawing, without ever taking Paint or Brush in hand.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Arrogance of some who are starting to be able to do something.} But most of all one should not pride oneself, once one begins to be able to do and know something, that one can do enough, and immediately move to the Brush, now wanting to be a Painter instead of a Draughtsman, letting go of Drawing from that perspective; Which incompetent arrogance nowadays regrettably bothers many young Painters; notwithstanding that we have so many Examples of good Masters, who during their entire life, have taken their weekly Colleges, and have drawn their Academy Figures: and all this not haphazardly, when they felt like it, but they have made a habit out of Drawing until the end of their lives. As the mass of good Drawings that now and then comes to light after the decease of great Masters, can bear witness. It used to be common in Rome, and it was practices a lot, that one did not allow the Youth to do anything else for sixteen, eighteen, yes sometimes twenty years long, than Drawing, without ever taking Paint or Brush in hand.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Start of the composition.} To start, guess the center of your original, once you have it, mark it with a dot of charcoal on your paper, then pay attention to the greatest Figures (if there is more than one) and notice how high, or which part of the Scene the cover; in which speculation you will become aware, that the long observation that you have done beforehand, will provide great assistance, to be able to guess the right distribution on your paper; {Observation to guess one’s composition well.} to which end it is also useful, that one gives the paper – or that on which one wants to draw – almost the same shape as the Painting, Print, or Drawing, of course in proportion, more or less oblong or high [ndr.: literally: in height] or square, and such, but it is unnecessary to copy it exactly, unless coincidentally, and all of this to be able to order the composition according to the Original, which takes most time when one enlarges small things or reduce big things. {How some cover the Original with a grid.} Some use a grid for this, with which they cover their Original, and similarly divide their Paper with an equal number of lines, to bring all things in the right place from field to field; that is used very easily, but like a mnemonic, with little advantage for the Youth: {Mistake of this.} Because while they come to depend on these tricks and floating devices, they will never get learned Eyes in their heads to see for themselves in which the complete knowledge and proportional connection of a beautiful Figure, or Coupling of a whole composition exists, while they always learn (to describe the situation with a word) to make parts and pieces, as they are obstructed by the grille and lines of the grid, and let their Eyes be deceived,

In the English translation, the section about the grid as a tool to transfer the composition from the original is not included. As a consequence, most selected terms are not present in the English text. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Start of the composition.} To start, guess the center of your original, once you have it, mark it with a dot of charcoal on your paper, then pay attention to the greatest Figures (if there is more than one) and notice how high, or which part of the Scene the cover; in which speculation you will become aware, that the long observation that you have done beforehand, will provide great assistance, to be able to guess the right distribution on your paper; {Observation to guess one’s composition well.} to which end it is also useful, that one gives the paper – or that on which one wants to draw – almost the same shape as the Painting, Print, or Drawing, of course in proportion, more or less oblong or high [ndr.: literally: in height] or square, and such, but it is unnecessary to copy it exactly, unless coincidentally, and all of this to be able to order the composition according to the Original, which takes most time when one enlarges small things or reduce big things. {How some cover the Original with a grid.} Some use a grid for this, with which they cover their Original, and similarly divide their Paper with an equal number of lines, to bring all things in the right place from field to field; that is used very easily, but like a mnemonic, with little advantage for the Youth: {Mistake of this.} Because while they come to depend on these tricks and floating devices, they will never get learned Eyes in their heads to see for themselves in which the complete knowledge and proportional connection of a beautiful Figure, or Coupling of a whole composition exists, while they always learn (to describe the situation with a word) to make parts and pieces, as they are obstructed by the grille and lines of the grid, and let their Eyes be deceived,

In the English translation, the section about the grid as a tool to transfer the composition from the original is not included. As a consequence, most selected terms are not present in the English text. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Start of the composition.} To start, guess the center of your original, once you have it, mark it with a dot of charcoal on your paper, then pay attention to the greatest Figures (if there is more than one) and notice how high, or which part of the Scene the cover; in which speculation you will become aware, that the long observation that you have done beforehand, will provide great assistance, to be able to guess the right distribution on your paper; {Observation to guess one’s composition well.} to which end it is also useful, that one gives the paper – or that on which one wants to draw – almost the same shape as the Painting, Print, or Drawing, of course in proportion, more or less oblong or high [ndr.: literally: in height] or square, and such, but it is unnecessary to copy it exactly, unless coincidentally, and all of this to be able to order the composition according to the Original, which takes most time when one enlarges small things or reduce big things. {How some cover the Original with a grid.} Some use a grid for this, with which they cover their Original, and similarly divide their Paper with an equal number of lines, to bring all things in the right place from field to field; that is used very easily, but like a mnemonic, with little advantage for the Youth: {Mistake of this.} Because while they come to depend on these tricks and floating devices, they will never get learned Eyes in their heads to see for themselves in which the complete knowledge and proportional connection of a beautiful Figure, or Coupling of a whole composition exists, while they always learn (to describe the situation with a word) to make parts and pieces, as they are obstructed by the grille and lines of the grid, and let their Eyes be deceived,

In the English translation, the section about the grid as a tool to transfer the composition from the original is not included. As a consequence, most selected terms are not present in the English text. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Start of the composition.} To start, guess the center of your original, once you have it, mark it with a dot of charcoal on your paper, then pay attention to the greatest Figures (if there is more than one) and notice how high, or which part of the Scene the cover; in which speculation you will become aware, that the long observation that you have done beforehand, will provide great assistance, to be able to guess the right distribution on your paper; {Observation to guess one’s composition well.} to which end it is also useful, that one gives the paper – or that on which one wants to draw – almost the same shape as the Painting, Print, or Drawing, of course in proportion, more or less oblong or high [ndr.: literally: in height] or square, and such, but it is unnecessary to copy it exactly, unless coincidentally, and all of this to be able to order the composition according to the Original, which takes most time when one enlarges small things or reduce big things. {How some cover the Original with a grid.} Some use a grid for this, with which they cover their Original, and similarly divide their Paper with an equal number of lines, to bring all things in the right place from field to field; that is used very easily, but like a mnemonic, with little advantage for the Youth: {Mistake of this.} Because while they come to depend on these tricks and floating devices, they will never get learned Eyes in their heads to see for themselves in which the complete knowledge and proportional connection of a beautiful Figure, or Coupling of a whole composition exists, while they always learn (to describe the situation with a word) to make parts and pieces, as they are obstructed by the grille and lines of the grid, and let their Eyes be deceived,

In the English translation, the section about the grid as a tool to transfer the composition from the original is not included. As a consequence, most selected terms are not present in the English text. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Start of the composition.} To start, guess the center of your original, once you have it, mark it with a dot of charcoal on your paper, then pay attention to the greatest Figures (if there is more than one) and notice how high, or which part of the Scene the cover; in which speculation you will become aware, that the long observation that you have done beforehand, will provide great assistance, to be able to guess the right distribution on your paper; {Observation to guess one’s composition well.} to which end it is also useful, that one gives the paper – or that on which one wants to draw – almost the same shape as the Painting, Print, or Drawing, of course in proportion, more or less oblong or high [ndr.: literally: in height] or square, and such, but it is unnecessary to copy it exactly, unless coincidentally, and all of this to be able to order the composition according to the Original, which takes most time when one enlarges small things or reduce big things. {How some cover the Original with a grid.} Some use a grid for this, with which they cover their Original, and similarly divide their Paper with an equal number of lines, to bring all things in the right place from field to field; that is used very easily, but like a mnemonic, with little advantage for the Youth: {Mistake of this.} Because while they come to depend on these tricks and floating devices, they will never get learned Eyes in their heads to see for themselves in which the complete knowledge and proportional connection of a beautiful Figure, or Coupling of a whole composition exists, while they always learn (to describe the situation with a word) to make parts and pieces, as they are obstructed by the grille and lines of the grid, and let their Eyes be deceived,

In the English translation, the section about the grid as a tool to transfer the composition from the original is not included. As a consequence, most selected terms are not present in the English text. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Escape for a Master to transfer his composition to the Panel by means of a grid.} It is however true that a good Master who wants to transfer his Composition, after he has first drawn it neatly and comprehensively, to his Canvas or Panel, might also make a grid, but this happens mostly because of the ease, than for any other reason, because he who has first been able to make his composition first in a Drawing, can be sure to also be able to do it on a Canvas, if he would want to spend time on it; however he who is able to do it freehand, and wants to, will not be called a lesser Master because of it. {Making a frame that can be used on all occasions.} To safe the bother of having to draw lines over his Composition or sketches , or to stretch threads over it again and again, one may take a square window of adequate size, and cover it with an even grill, by means of placing black threads close to the bottom, then place your Drawing on a Panel of the same size as your Window, then attach your window on top of it with two pins, and by doing this you can make use of this grid in all sorts of occasions.

In this section, Goeree provides detailed practical advice on how to transfer the design to the canvas or panel. This section is quite different in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How the Old [ndr.: masters] tended to make their Drawings on large cartons.} Others and most of the Ancients, instead of drawing their composition in great detail in a small format, tended to draw Drawings on Cartons, or Paper sheets glued together, as big as their works would be, as we may learn from the Lives of Painters by Carel van Mander, we find some of these Cartons here and their, in bits and pieces: Yet one should know that this method is mostly used for those things that have to be painted on wet chalk, or in Fresco, for which type of painting one may best depend on such Drawings.

VAN MANDER, Carel

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How the Old [ndr.: masters] tended to make their Drawings on large cartons.} Others and most of the Ancients, instead of drawing their composition in great detail in a small format, tended to draw Drawings on Cartons, or Paper sheets glued together, as big as their works would be, as we may learn from the Lives of Painters by Carel van Mander, we find some of these Cartons here and their, in bits and pieces: Yet one should know that this method is mostly used for those things that have to be painted on wet chalk, or in Fresco, for which type of painting one may best depend on such Drawings.

VAN MANDER, Carel

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How the Old [ndr.: masters] tended to make their Drawings on large cartons.} Others and most of the Ancients, instead of drawing their composition in great detail in a small format, tended to draw Drawings on Cartons, or Paper sheets glued together, as big as their works would be, as we may learn from the Lives of Painters by Carel van Mander, we find some of these Cartons here and their, in bits and pieces: Yet one should know that this method is mostly used for those things that have to be painted on wet chalk, or in Fresco, for which type of painting one may best depend on such Drawings.

VAN MANDER, Carel

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yet let us return to the beginning of the composition, and learn to begin the first sketch of a good Drawing, after all that has been said, as everyone should do for himself with a light hand, first the principal parts, then the lesser, and then all that is in it, as such it will soon become clear whether your guess and composition are good; {In composing one should be certain about every stroke.} Add to this, that you first ascertain with good reason and observation of every stroke that you point out, paying attention to the big and general parts, ignoring the small things and interruptions of the large parts, until later composition and correction, of which we will later speak;

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yet let us return to the beginning of the composition, and learn to begin the first sketch of a good Drawing, after all that has been said, as everyone should do for himself with a light hand, first the principal parts, then the lesser, and then all that is in it, as such it will soon become clear whether your guess and composition are good; {In composing one should be certain about every stroke.} Add to this, that you first ascertain with good reason and observation of every stroke that you point out, paying attention to the big and general parts, ignoring the small things and interruptions of the large parts, until later composition and correction, of which we will later speak;

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yet let us return to the beginning of the composition, and learn to begin the first sketch of a good Drawing, after all that has been said, as everyone should do for himself with a light hand, first the principal parts, then the lesser, and then all that is in it, as such it will soon become clear whether your guess and composition are good; {In composing one should be certain about every stroke.} Add to this, that you first ascertain with good reason and observation of every stroke that you point out, paying attention to the big and general parts, ignoring the small things and interruptions of the large parts, until later composition and correction, of which we will later speak;

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yet let us return to the beginning of the composition, and learn to begin the first sketch of a good Drawing, after all that has been said, as everyone should do for himself with a light hand, first the principal parts, then the lesser, and then all that is in it, as such it will soon become clear whether your guess and composition are good; {In composing one should be certain about every stroke.} Add to this, that you first ascertain with good reason and observation of every stroke that you point out, paying attention to the big and general parts, ignoring the small things and interruptions of the large parts, until later composition and correction, of which we will later speak;

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yet let us return to the beginning of the composition, and learn to begin the first sketch of a good Drawing, after all that has been said, as everyone should do for himself with a light hand, first the principal parts, then the lesser, and then all that is in it, as such it will soon become clear whether your guess and composition are good; {In composing one should be certain about every stroke.} Add to this, that you first ascertain with good reason and observation of every stroke that you point out, paying attention to the big and general parts, ignoring the small things and interruptions of the large parts, until later composition and correction, of which we will later speak;

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As soon as you have marked your Sketch in the roughest form yet carefully, observe with a regular and attentive Judgement whether your composition is right, whether you can also see the Actions or Movements and all the busyness of the Figure or Figures that you have in the Original, in your Drawing as well. Because the real action should show already very strongly in the very first and roughest Sketch, if you want to be sure of something good; as the Action is the Soul of the Painting or Original, and should therefore be of your Drawing.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {How one should compare one’s Drawing against one’s Original.} and observe your composition for a while with observation in comparison to your Original, and do so with great desire and need, to find out the mistakes, if there are any, going over your whole Drawing with closely noticing thoughts over and over for this purpose, comparing it both in detail and in general with your Original, you will then doubtlessly discover which faults you have made in it, do not become sad or slow then, but correct them as soon as they occur, and that you have judged correctly of the fault and what the problem is and how it can be corrected, so that you do not take on the wrong part, or that you do not become aware of other mistakes by correcting, because this is generally the origin of the faults that one finds in a Drawing or Painting, that when you correct one, another will immediately occur, that is one mistake gives away another, therefore one should watch out with seven eyes, as the saying goes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {How one should compare one’s Drawing against one’s Original.} and observe your composition for a while with observation in comparison to your Original, and do so with great desire and need, to find out the mistakes, if there are any, going over your whole Drawing with closely noticing thoughts over and over for this purpose, comparing it both in detail and in general with your Original, you will then doubtlessly discover which faults you have made in it, do not become sad or slow then, but correct them as soon as they occur, and that you have judged correctly of the fault and what the problem is and how it can be corrected, so that you do not take on the wrong part, or that you do not become aware of other mistakes by correcting, because this is generally the origin of the faults that one finds in a Drawing or Painting, that when you correct one, another will immediately occur, that is one mistake gives away another, therefore one should watch out with seven eyes, as the saying goes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {How one should compare one’s Drawing against one’s Original.} and observe your composition for a while with observation in comparison to your Original, and do so with great desire and need, to find out the mistakes, if there are any, going over your whole Drawing with closely noticing thoughts over and over for this purpose, comparing it both in detail and in general with your Original, you will then doubtlessly discover which faults you have made in it, do not become sad or slow then, but correct them as soon as they occur, and that you have judged correctly of the fault and what the problem is and how it can be corrected, so that you do not take on the wrong part, or that you do not become aware of other mistakes by correcting, because this is generally the origin of the faults that one finds in a Drawing or Painting, that when you correct one, another will immediately occur, that is one mistake gives away another, therefore one should watch out with seven eyes, as the saying goes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {How one should compare one’s Drawing against one’s Original.} and observe your composition for a while with observation in comparison to your Original, and do so with great desire and need, to find out the mistakes, if there are any, going over your whole Drawing with closely noticing thoughts over and over for this purpose, comparing it both in detail and in general with your Original, you will then doubtlessly discover which faults you have made in it, do not become sad or slow then, but correct them as soon as they occur, and that you have judged correctly of the fault and what the problem is and how it can be corrected, so that you do not take on the wrong part, or that you do not become aware of other mistakes by correcting, because this is generally the origin of the faults that one finds in a Drawing or Painting, that when you correct one, another will immediately occur, that is one mistake gives away another, therefore one should watch out with seven eyes, as the saying goes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] {How one should compare one’s Drawing against one’s Original.} and observe your composition for a while with observation in comparison to your Original, and do so with great desire and need, to find out the mistakes, if there are any, going over your whole Drawing with closely noticing thoughts over and over for this purpose, comparing it both in detail and in general with your Original, you will then doubtlessly discover which faults you have made in it, do not become sad or slow then, but correct them as soon as they occur, and that you have judged correctly of the fault and what the problem is and how it can be corrected, so that you do not take on the wrong part, or that you do not become aware of other mistakes by correcting, because this is generally the origin of the faults that one finds in a Drawing or Painting, that when you correct one, another will immediately occur, that is one mistake gives away another, therefore one should watch out with seven eyes, as the saying goes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] as Seneca nicely proposes to us in his Letters, when he describes the nature of an honorable Painter as follows: It is easier for an Artist (he says) to paint than to have painted, the serious concern that occupies him regarding the whole situation of his Work finds a common pleasure in the action itself: The Happiness of those who lay the completed Work aside, is not nearly as big; they now enjoy the Happiness of their art, while before they enjoyed the Art itself, namely as long as they are still painting. All this teaches us that one rather does, than having done.

SENECA

The citation from Seneca is not included in the English translation, which means that the selected terms do not occur. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] […] as Seneca nicely proposes to us in his Letters, when he describes the nature of an honorable Painter as follows: It is easier for an Artist (he says) to paint than to have painted, the serious concern that occupies him regarding the whole situation of his Work finds a common pleasure in the action itself: The Happiness of those who lay the completed Work aside, is not nearly as big; they now enjoy the Happiness of their art, while before they enjoyed the Art itself, namely as long as they are still painting. All this teaches us that one rather does, than having done.

SENECA

The citation from Seneca is not included in the English translation, which means that the selected terms do not occur. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {One has to choose good lighting to draw the round [ndr.: the volume].} First one should remark for this exercise, that one choses a good place, and especially pay attention to having adequate light, because much depends on the quality of the light, as one may find here the pleasure, power and graceful choice, that is caused by the coincidence of right flat shadows and days. For this a very wide airy and high light, not too fugitive, but even and steadily floating that hangs in your Room, coming from an opening or window, on the North side, would be very advantageous, to show the Bodies up until the lesser parts in a pleasing way.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {One has to choose good lighting to draw the round [ndr.: the volume].} First one should remark for this exercise, that one choses a good place, and especially pay attention to having adequate light, because much depends on the quality of the light, as one may find here the pleasure, power and graceful choice, that is caused by the coincidence of right flat shadows and days. For this a very wide airy and high light, not too fugitive, but even and steadily floating that hangs in your Room, coming from an opening or window, on the North side, would be very advantageous, to show the Bodies up until the lesser parts in a pleasing way.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Night-light causes hard shadows.} Yet while Drawing by Night-light has this issue, that it causes very hard and cut-off shades and strong lights, why many end up with cruelty, Coppery glittering highlights, flickering lights and glassy reflections, which is why some try to guard themselves against this by placing between the light and the model a pane of fine and thinly oiler Paper, to make the shades softer. (…) {Daylight is the natural and best light.} However, of all of these the daylight should be praised most of all and is therefore the most advisable; as one can see a simple evenness of day and shadow and a natural reflection in it:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yes one may freely believe, that the Art of Drawing and Painting forces us to understand all the muscles that are used for the movement of the limbs: Because the Draughtsman who has a profound knowledge of the shape and nature of the Muscles, Tendons and Chords, will simultaneously be able to understand the course and movement of a limb, and it will provide him indication in the observation of a nude (although they sometimes appear very doubtful) how they are attached to each other and which Muscle swell because a Tendon pulls back, and on the other hand which others detract and shrink . On the other hand, those who only understand this loosely and without foundation and only know to depict one and the same Muscle in one way and place in different types of Action.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yes one may freely believe, that the Art of Drawing and Painting forces us to understand all the muscles that are used for the movement of the limbs: Because the Draughtsman who has a profound knowledge of the shape and nature of the Muscles, Tendons and Chords, will simultaneously be able to understand the course and movement of a limb, and it will provide him indication in the observation of a nude (although they sometimes appear very doubtful) how they are attached to each other and which Muscle swell because a Tendon pulls back, and on the other hand which others detract and shrink . On the other hand, those who only understand this loosely and without foundation and only know to depict one and the same Muscle in one way and place in different types of Action.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yes one may freely believe, that the Art of Drawing and Painting forces us to understand all the muscles that are used for the movement of the limbs: Because the Draughtsman who has a profound knowledge of the shape and nature of the Muscles, Tendons and Chords, will simultaneously be able to understand the course and movement of a limb, and it will provide him indication in the observation of a nude (although they sometimes appear very doubtful) how they are attached to each other and which Muscle swell because a Tendon pulls back, and on the other hand which others detract and shrink . On the other hand, those who only understand this loosely and without foundation and only know to depict one and the same Muscle in one way and place in different types of Action.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yes one may freely believe, that the Art of Drawing and Painting forces us to understand all the muscles that are used for the movement of the limbs: Because the Draughtsman who has a profound knowledge of the shape and nature of the Muscles, Tendons and Chords, will simultaneously be able to understand the course and movement of a limb, and it will provide him indication in the observation of a nude (although they sometimes appear very doubtful) how they are attached to each other and which Muscle swell because a Tendon pulls back, and on the other hand which others detract and shrink . On the other hand, those who only understand this loosely and without foundation and only know to depict one and the same Muscle in one way and place in different types of Action.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

Goeree was the first to describe such a college or informal drawing academy in the Netherlands, only Van Der Passe (1643) referred to such a practice (KWAKKELSTEIN, 1998, p. 59). For Goeree, and later also for De Lairesse (Grondlegginge 1701, p. 38), the College’s sole purpose is to learn to draw after a nude model. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

In the German translation of 1677, this term (in Dutch, it is connected to 'levendt': living) is translated by 'nach dem Leben', thus neglecting the fact that Goeree is discussing the nude model. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Now we arrive at those things that need to be observed in Drawing after the life. {The Life is abundant.} It is clear that the Life and Nature are abundant and perfect in everything, and therefore the lesser parts of it are more delightful to imitate than the craft work of the best Masters; like the Ancient renowned Painter Eupompus provided this once as Lesson for his disciples, as soon as they were capable to swim without the help of aid [ndr.: literally floaties that help poor swimmers to stay afloat]; which should give us an indication to, as soon as we have obtained the way to imitate the Artful Work of others, to proceed to the natural life itself as well; as it is the most necessary of all. {Stimulus and necessity to follow the life.} Here the curious disciples should encourage each other, choosing the time and occasion of an adequate location, and start a College with some fellows to draw after the living nude, once every other day, at least once a Week. Because this is a useful and praiseworthy custom, and very beneficial for the progress of study; {Choosing a College and for what reason.} they either do this under the supervision of a good Master, or in a College with eight or ten of them, not with the purpose to seduce each other with this gathering, or to cause disturbance and spend the precious time taunting each other, but to quietly and truly stimulate the others and to show a diligent example; to politely point out each other’s faults, with the knowledge that one has, by improving through each other’s judgement.

EUPOMPUS

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How one will position the Model.} One should also find a good manner, to position the Model the right way, and choose the right Actions, doing so (to avoid all sorts of Chaos) in turn: And let him whose turn it is, beforehand sketch an Action on Paper from his mind, to not lose too much time with positioning; it may either be an Action that is thought up, or after the invention of a good Master, as it may arise from Memory or from seeing the Art of Print or Drawings; {How one may also follow some Actions after others [ndr.: other artists].} as one sees many beautiful, virtuous and amazingly nice Actions and Figures under the things by Raphael, Primaticcio, Carracci, Giulio Romano, Polidoro, Testa and many other sensible Masters, both Old and contemporary; in which everyone can follow his free will and spirited Mind. {Naturally pleasing Actions are often best.} One should also pay attention to the Natural Actions, that sometimes occur from the own movement of your Model, which are sometimes much more magnificent, true and careful than those that are formed with premeditation or can be conceived;

Anciens (les)
CARRACCI, Annibale
IL PRIMATICCIO (Francesco Primaticcio)
Modernes (Les)
POLIDORO DA CARAVAGGIO
RAFFAELLO (Raffaello Sanzio)
ROMANO, Giulio
TESTA, Pietro

This section is quite different in the English translation and the Italian masters are not mentioned. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How one will position the Model.} One should also find a good manner, to position the Model the right way, and choose the right Actions, doing so (to avoid all sorts of Chaos) in turn: And let him whose turn it is, beforehand sketch an Action on Paper from his mind, to not lose too much time with positioning; it may either be an Action that is thought up, or after the invention of a good Master, as it may arise from Memory or from seeing the Art of Print or Drawings; {How one may also follow some Actions after others [ndr.: other artists].} as one sees many beautiful, virtuous and amazingly nice Actions and Figures under the things by Raphael, Primaticcio, Carracci, Giulio Romano, Polidoro, Testa and many other sensible Masters, both Old and contemporary; in which everyone can follow his free will and spirited Mind. {Naturally pleasing Actions are often best.} One should also pay attention to the Natural Actions, that sometimes occur from the own movement of your Model, which are sometimes much more magnificent, true and careful than those that are formed with premeditation or can be conceived;

Anciens (les)
CARRACCI, Annibale
IL PRIMATICCIO (Francesco Primaticcio)
Modernes (Les)
POLIDORO DA CARAVAGGIO
RAFFAELLO (Raffaello Sanzio)
ROMANO, Giulio
TESTA, Pietro

This section is quite different in the English translation and the Italian masters are not mentioned. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {How one will position the Model.} One should also find a good manner, to position the Model the right way, and choose the right Actions, doing so (to avoid all sorts of Chaos) in turn: And let him whose turn it is, beforehand sketch an Action on Paper from his mind, to not lose too much time with positioning; it may either be an Action that is thought up, or after the invention of a good Master, as it may arise from Memory or from seeing the Art of Print or Drawings; {How one may also follow some Actions after others [ndr.: other artists].} as one sees many beautiful, virtuous and amazingly nice Actions and Figures under the things by Raphael, Primaticcio, Carracci, Giulio Romano, Polidoro, Testa and many other sensible Masters, both Old and contemporary; in which everyone can follow his free will and spirited Mind. {Naturally pleasing Actions are often best.} One should also pay attention to the Natural Actions, that sometimes occur from the own movement of your Model, which are sometimes much more magnificent, true and careful than those that are formed with premeditation or can be conceived;

Anciens (les)
CARRACCI, Annibale
IL PRIMATICCIO (Francesco Primaticcio)
Modernes (Les)
POLIDORO DA CARAVAGGIO
RAFFAELLO (Raffaello Sanzio)
ROMANO, Giulio
TESTA, Pietro

This section is quite different in the English translation and the Italian masters are not mentioned. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {To understand the weight and counterweight in the Action of Figures, requires a good observation.} In bending forwards, backwards or sideways, one should keep the Figure in its Center and Balance by means of the counterweight of some other limbs; the knowledge of which is important and cannot be obtained without diligence, which is why we advise this rule, [ndr.: that is] to investigate with diligence and observation, while it is especially useful to learn to avoid that your Figures neither move unnaturally nor fall over when they are standing or sitting.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {To understand the weight and counterweight in the Action of Figures, requires a good observation.} In bending forwards, backwards or sideways, one should keep the Figure in its Center and Balance by means of the counterweight of some other limbs; the knowledge of which is important and cannot be obtained without diligence, which is why we advise this rule, [ndr.: that is] to investigate with diligence and observation, while it is especially useful to learn to avoid that your Figures neither move unnaturally nor fall over when they are standing or sitting.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {To understand the weight and counterweight in the Action of Figures, requires a good observation.} In bending forwards, backwards or sideways, one should keep the Figure in its Center and Balance by means of the counterweight of some other limbs; the knowledge of which is important and cannot be obtained without diligence, which is why we advise this rule, [ndr.: that is] to investigate with diligence and observation, while it is especially useful to learn to avoid that your Figures neither move unnaturally nor fall over when they are standing or sitting.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What one should generally observe.} In sketching and positioning one’s Figure one should foremost pay good attention how every part unites with the whole. Secondly to the proportion: Thirdly to the Action or movement of the Figure, and then how we have learned before.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What one should generally observe.} In sketching and positioning one’s Figure one should foremost pay good attention how every part unites with the whole. Secondly to the proportion: Thirdly to the Action or movement of the Figure, and then how we have learned before.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What one should generally observe.} In sketching and positioning one’s Figure one should foremost pay good attention how every part unites with the whole. Secondly to the proportion: Thirdly to the Action or movement of the Figure, and then how we have learned before.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What one should generally observe.} In sketching and positioning one’s Figure one should foremost pay good attention how every part unites with the whole. Secondly to the proportion: Thirdly to the Action or movement of the Figure, and then how we have learned before.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {What one should generally observe.} In sketching and positioning one’s Figure one should foremost pay good attention how every part unites with the whole. Secondly to the proportion: Thirdly to the Action or movement of the Figure, and then how we have learned before.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Drawing the landscape is very useful and delightful.} But before we part from the life, we cannot omit to also briefly point out the use of Drawing Landscapes, Perspectives, Mountains, Dunes, Shadows in the Forrest, Bushes, Plants, Ruins and all sorts of Animals of the Field, like Horses, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Goats and what else one runs into in the countryside; this is a pleasant Study and useful relaxation for the Draughtsmen (besides the relief that it provides as the leisure of the usual Figure-Practice); moreover it is a way to make oneself Universal in the Art: {That one should love all Study of the Art of Painting.} ‘Because he cannot be considered a great Master or bright Mind, (says Leonardo da Vinci) who is only perfect at one thing; there are few such firm brains that with time will arrive at doing one thing well: Adding that a Young Man who does not love all parts of the Art equally, he may be as bright as he wishes, but he will never become a great universal Master.’ In general one observes that Draughtsmen and Painters who have inclination for that which concerns the Landscapes, and when they are asked to go draw after the life, or find a reason to make them [ndr.: i.e. landscapes], or to draw after the life, they often boast that this Study is too bad to waste their time on; and because of this neglect, amongst other things, it happens that so few are able to make themselves general in the Art. But to improve on this flaw, it is advisable that one goes twice or three times a year to the countryside, to draw after the life according to the different seasons, the landscapes and all that may be gathered from it to advance the Universal Study:

DA VINCI, Leonardo

The citation from Leonardo da Vinci is not included in the English translation and the reflection on how to become a universal master is only partially included. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {That manner is contradicted because of its small importance.} Yet according to my opinion with all these things it is like Lobsters, on which one nibbles rather than eats; and one may sufficiently help oneself (for those who understand the Perspective a little) with the Eye, when one pays good attention to it: because the principal thing to be observed in a Landscape, is the Natural harmony, and the perspective, that is in it, for the rest few depends on the similar elements; as such one does not need to make do with Glass, nor windows, which are all false guides that lead astray from the right way; which is why they are seldom accepted by Great Masters to make use of.

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {That manner is contradicted because of its small importance.} Yet according to my opinion with all these things it is like Lobsters, on which one nibbles rather than eats; and one may sufficiently help oneself (for those who understand the Perspective a little) with the Eye, when one pays good attention to it: because the principal thing to be observed in a Landscape, is the Natural harmony, and the perspective, that is in it, for the rest few depends on the similar elements; as such one does not need to make do with Glass, nor windows, which are all false guides that lead astray from the right way; which is why they are seldom accepted by Great Masters to make use of.

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {That manner is contradicted because of its small importance.} Yet according to my opinion with all these things it is like Lobsters, on which one nibbles rather than eats; and one may sufficiently help oneself (for those who understand the Perspective a little) with the Eye, when one pays good attention to it: because the principal thing to be observed in a Landscape, is the Natural harmony, and the perspective, that is in it, for the rest few depends on the similar elements; as such one does not need to make do with Glass, nor windows, which are all false guides that lead astray from the right way; which is why they are seldom accepted by Great Masters to make use of.

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {That manner is contradicted because of its small importance.} Yet according to my opinion with all these things it is like Lobsters, on which one nibbles rather than eats; and one may sufficiently help oneself (for those who understand the Perspective a little) with the Eye, when one pays good attention to it: because the principal thing to be observed in a Landscape, is the Natural harmony, and the perspective, that is in it, for the rest few depends on the similar elements; as such one does not need to make do with Glass, nor windows, which are all false guides that lead astray from the right way; which is why they are seldom accepted by Great Masters to make use of.

This section is not included in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Charcoal to draw and its use.} It is the general custom to use charcoal for the initial draft and composition of one’s Drawing, especially for the Pupils, as it is of great use for the Youth, Yes even for the Masters, whether or not they are steady in the Art of Drawing; Because all that one has done with it, which is not according to our liking, can be erased several times, and done again. Some also use the Pencil to make their drafts and initial compositions, on top of which they can then make a firm and clear contour with the Writing-Pen or any other durable Crayon, with closer observation.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Charcoal to draw and its use.} It is the general custom to use charcoal for the initial draft and composition of one’s Drawing, especially for the Pupils, as it is of great use for the Youth, Yes even for the Masters, whether or not they are steady in the Art of Drawing; Because all that one has done with it, which is not according to our liking, can be erased several times, and done again. Some also use the Pencil to make their drafts and initial compositions, on top of which they can then make a firm and clear contour with the Writing-Pen or any other durable Crayon, with closer observation.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Charcoal to draw and its use.} It is the general custom to use charcoal for the initial draft and composition of one’s Drawing, especially for the Pupils, as it is of great use for the Youth, Yes even for the Masters, whether or not they are steady in the Art of Drawing; Because all that one has done with it, which is not according to our liking, can be erased several times, and done again. Some also use the Pencil to make their drafts and initial compositions, on top of which they can then make a firm and clear contour with the Writing-Pen or any other durable Crayon, with closer observation.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Charcoal to draw and its use.} It is the general custom to use charcoal for the initial draft and composition of one’s Drawing, especially for the Pupils, as it is of great use for the Youth, Yes even for the Masters, whether or not they are steady in the Art of Drawing; Because all that one has done with it, which is not according to our liking, can be erased several times, and done again. Some also use the Pencil to make their drafts and initial compositions, on top of which they can then make a firm and clear contour with the Writing-Pen or any other durable Crayon, with closer observation.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Everyone has his freedom in chosing the Drawing materials.} The other materials with which one executes and draws in more detail [ndr.: optekenen refers to the final stage of the drawing process] are many and diverse, and nobody can be prescribed a Law for it, while everyone should satisfy his desire with it. {Red Chalk.} Some use the Red Chalk or Red Earth, which is the most commonly used amongst all Draughtsmen in Italy; {Black Chalk.} similarly black Chalk is also very adequate; but one cannot always find any of good quality: In general it has two flaws, that greatly sadden the Draughtsmen, one is that it is too weak, breaks easily and brittle, the other that it is often hard and stony;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Everyone has his freedom in chosing the Drawing materials.} The other materials with which one executes and draws in more detail [ndr.: optekenen refers to the final stage of the drawing process] are many and diverse, and nobody can be prescribed a Law for it, while everyone should satisfy his desire with it. {Red Chalk.} Some use the Red Chalk or Red Earth, which is the most commonly used amongst all Draughtsmen in Italy; {Black Chalk.} similarly black Chalk is also very adequate; but one cannot always find any of good quality: In general it has two flaws, that greatly sadden the Draughtsmen, one is that it is too weak, breaks easily and brittle, the other that it is often hard and stony;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Everyone has his freedom in chosing the Drawing materials.} The other materials with which one executes and draws in more detail [ndr.: optekenen refers to the final stage of the drawing process] are many and diverse, and nobody can be prescribed a Law for it, while everyone should satisfy his desire with it. {Red Chalk.} Some use the Red Chalk or Red Earth, which is the most commonly used amongst all Draughtsmen in Italy; {Black Chalk.} similarly black Chalk is also very adequate; but one cannot always find any of good quality: In general it has two flaws, that greatly sadden the Draughtsmen, one is that it is too weak, breaks easily and brittle, the other that it is often hard and stony;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] To avoid this and other difficulties, one might choose Red Chalk, while that is almost always adequate, with which can also draw underneath the Black Chalk and make some touches and depths with it, as one can nowadays see many Drawings, by Italian and other Masters. {Washing.} One also draws with the Pencil, which is called washing, and this is done with Juices and Inks, such as Soot, or Bitter from the Chimney, rubbed Indigo mixed with Red Chalk and such: {India Ink is the best material to wash with.} But foremost the India Ink is a beautiful material, which can be used well and purely mixed with rainwater;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] To avoid this and other difficulties, one might choose Red Chalk, while that is almost always adequate, with which can also draw underneath the Black Chalk and make some touches and depths with it, as one can nowadays see many Drawings, by Italian and other Masters. {Washing.} One also draws with the Pencil, which is called washing, and this is done with Juices and Inks, such as Soot, or Bitter from the Chimney, rubbed Indigo mixed with Red Chalk and such: {India Ink is the best material to wash with.} But foremost the India Ink is a beautiful material, which can be used well and purely mixed with rainwater;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] To avoid this and other difficulties, one might choose Red Chalk, while that is almost always adequate, with which can also draw underneath the Black Chalk and make some touches and depths with it, as one can nowadays see many Drawings, by Italian and other Masters. {Washing.} One also draws with the Pencil, which is called washing, and this is done with Juices and Inks, such as Soot, or Bitter from the Chimney, rubbed Indigo mixed with Red Chalk and such: {India Ink is the best material to wash with.} But foremost the India Ink is a beautiful material, which can be used well and purely mixed with rainwater;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] To avoid this and other difficulties, one might choose Red Chalk, while that is almost always adequate, with which can also draw underneath the Black Chalk and make some touches and depths with it, as one can nowadays see many Drawings, by Italian and other Masters. {Washing.} One also draws with the Pencil, which is called washing, and this is done with Juices and Inks, such as Soot, or Bitter from the Chimney, rubbed Indigo mixed with Red Chalk and such: {India Ink is the best material to wash with.} But foremost the India Ink is a beautiful material, which can be used well and purely mixed with rainwater;

École italienne

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although this [ndr.: drawing with a Writing-Pen] has even been practiced by many Masters, as such one should know that they have used it mainly to competently and with bold hatchings point out their things in a masterful way, which often are but rough things, but for this one also uses a Reed-Pen instead of a Writing-Pen {Reed pen.}, (…) For the pens one commonly takes a piece of a span [ndr.: circa 20 cm], and cuts it like a Writing Pen, which one can do here on both sides, the slit should be rather long for it to flow more loosely, and rather subtle, to be able to make airy and noble as well as broad and dirty stripes streaks with it. This Reed Pen is very adequate to draw Landscapes, Ruins and other calm things; it also has a particular looseness in handling, in general one uses it with Soot and clean Water, also with some general or Indian ink underneath it, which provides a nice broken Colour;

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Oiled Coal.} Besides all these, the Oiled Coal is also a very useful material to draw with, but it should not be used too heavily: It is more useful for big and calm Figures than for small and curious things; also to draw big Cartons of entire compositions, as the Old masters tended to often do. On grounded paper it can be handeled very well and softly, especially if it is of good quality;

Anciens (les)

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] There is also a second type of material that is used for Drawing, namely for the highlights, when one draws on Grounded Paper: one commonly uses of the Clay of which one bakes Tabacco Pipes; these are rolled (when soft) into Small pens of a finger long {Pipeclay.}: (…) For a stronger Highlight one also takes the White Chalk {White Chalk.}; and it is useful to randomly make a strong highlight here or there.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] There is also a second type of material that is used for Drawing, namely for the highlights, when one draws on Grounded Paper: one commonly uses of the Clay of which one bakes Tabacco Pipes; these are rolled (when soft) into Small pens of a finger long {Pipeclay.}: (…) For a stronger Highlight one also takes the White Chalk {White Chalk.}; and it is useful to randomly make a strong highlight here or there.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Colored Crayons.} The aforementioned Pipeclay can also be used to make all sorts of colored Crayons; which is done as follows: (…) as such they will be very adequate to accentuate in Sketches, Compositions and Drawings the things in a painterly way, with their proper colors; and afterwards pass through the Gum Water; by which the Crayons become firm and avoid tearing. Others make these Crayons with old Glue, Gum and other materials, with which they can draw whole portraits very nicely and naturally, they almost appear Painted.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Colored Crayons.} The aforementioned Pipeclay can also be used to make all sorts of colored Crayons; which is done as follows: (…) as such they will be very adequate to accentuate in Sketches, Compositions and Drawings the things in a painterly way, with their proper colors; and afterwards pass through the Gum Water; by which the Crayons become firm and avoid tearing. Others make these Crayons with old Glue, Gum and other materials, with which they can draw whole portraits very nicely and naturally, they almost appear Painted.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Colored Crayons.} The aforementioned Pipeclay can also be used to make all sorts of colored Crayons; which is done as follows: (…) as such they will be very adequate to accentuate in Sketches, Compositions and Drawings the things in a painterly way, with their proper colors; and afterwards pass through the Gum Water; by which the Crayons become firm and avoid tearing. Others make these Crayons with old Glue, Gum and other materials, with which they can draw whole portraits very nicely and naturally, they almost appear Painted.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Colored Crayons.} The aforementioned Pipeclay can also be used to make all sorts of colored Crayons; which is done as follows: (…) as such they will be very adequate to accentuate in Sketches, Compositions and Drawings the things in a painterly way, with their proper colors; and afterwards pass through the Gum Water; by which the Crayons become firm and avoid tearing. Others make these Crayons with old Glue, Gum and other materials, with which they can draw whole portraits very nicely and naturally, they almost appear Painted.

In this section Goeree explicitly discusses which choice of drawing material is best for each stage of the drawing process. The German translator uses the description ‘nach der Mahlerkunst’ to translate the Dutch term ‘schilderachtig’. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {White Paper.} The white Paper has the common use, that one can either Hatch, Rousle or wash with Juices, Yes also Paint with Aquarelle, in a very neat and elaborate way:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Pupils are advised to follow the handling of their Original.} Moreover it is advisable that the Pupils attempt to follow the same manner and handling of the Original in the drawing after Drawings, so that they may obtain a beginning of a handling that may shape itself into a manner through drawing a lot, to stick with them until the end of their days, and make their own.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Pupils are advised to follow the handling of their Original.} Moreover it is advisable that the Pupils attempt to follow the same manner and handling of the Original in the drawing after Drawings, so that they may obtain a beginning of a handling that may shape itself into a manner through drawing a lot, to stick with them until the end of their days, and make their own.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Pupils are advised to follow the handling of their Original.} Moreover it is advisable that the Pupils attempt to follow the same manner and handling of the Original in the drawing after Drawings, so that they may obtain a beginning of a handling that may shape itself into a manner through drawing a lot, to stick with them until the end of their days, and make their own.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Pupils are advised to follow the handling of their Original.} Moreover it is advisable that the Pupils attempt to follow the same manner and handling of the Original in the drawing after Drawings, so that they may obtain a beginning of a handling that may shape itself into a manner through drawing a lot, to stick with them until the end of their days, and make their own.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Hatching.} Foremost, when you are hatching, pay attention to not make scrabbling or thin streaks, but rather a bit more broad and dirty; {Manner how to do it.} you should moreover stroke from high to low, that is, from the fine or sharp to the broad: Now, some even and flat shadows you should make equally broad and even everywhere.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Rouseling.} What the Rouseling is concerned, it is also a very good manner and differs little from the Hatching; except that the streak or stripe that are close to each other should be rouseled; and when one starts to shadow a Drawing in this manner, then one should rousel it faintly, flatly and evenly, and place it quickly against the edges of the light; (…) And since the Drawing does not obtain much grace nor Mastery from this manner alone, but becomes very flat and poor, as such one should go over it with airy Hatchings; also to soften some shadows that bump a bit too hardly against the light at some places; which will then appear edgy and soft at the same time.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Rouseling.} What the Rouseling is concerned, it is also a very good manner and differs little from the Hatching; except that the streak or stripe that are close to each other should be rouseled; and when one starts to shadow a Drawing in this manner, then one should rousel it faintly, flatly and evenly, and place it quickly against the edges of the light; (…) And since the Drawing does not obtain much grace nor Mastery from this manner alone, but becomes very flat and poor, as such one should go over it with airy Hatchings; also to soften some shadows that bump a bit too hardly against the light at some places; which will then appear edgy and soft at the same time.

In the German translation, this term is translated as 'meisterliches Ansehen'. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Rouseling.} What the Rouseling is concerned, it is also a very good manner and differs little from the Hatching; except that the streak or stripe that are close to each other should be rouseled; and when one starts to shadow a Drawing in this manner, then one should rousel it faintly, flatly and evenly, and place it quickly against the edges of the light; (…) And since the Drawing does not obtain much grace nor Mastery from this manner alone, but becomes very flat and poor, as such one should go over it with airy Hatchings; also to soften some shadows that bump a bit too hardly against the light at some places; which will then appear edgy and soft at the same time.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Rouseling.} What the Rouseling is concerned, it is also a very good manner and differs little from the Hatching; except that the streak or stripe that are close to each other should be rouseled; and when one starts to shadow a Drawing in this manner, then one should rousel it faintly, flatly and evenly, and place it quickly against the edges of the light; (…) And since the Drawing does not obtain much grace nor Mastery from this manner alone, but becomes very flat and poor, as such one should go over it with airy Hatchings; also to soften some shadows that bump a bit too hardly against the light at some places; which will then appear edgy and soft at the same time.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Doeseling and the common flaw of it.} Now, the third manner of handling one calls the Doeseling; which is done by placing Cotton in a shaft, with which one doeseled, smoothens and diminishes the shadows that one has Hatched or rather Roeseled; which can also be done with a blunt or worn Brush. Yet while this manner is a bit vague and not very Painterly, but quickly appears to be the Work of the Pupils of Silversmiths and Stone-cutters; as such we will not say much about is, except that which we do not like: namely, that by doeseling one commonly lapses into a stony stiffness, in fuzziness, and in the interruption of quick shadows and flat parts; unless it were some small or curious things, or one would do it with great caution, patience and long labor, without falling into the aforementioned flaws, as we have seen things done that way, which were very good, but this is uncommon.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Masterly grip in Drawing.} If you however want to bring some pleasant softness or melting in your things, then accustom yourself in Drawing to here and there smoothen it with a Finger or just a Pinky;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Masterly grip in Drawing.} If you however want to bring some pleasant softness or melting in your things, then accustom yourself in Drawing to here and there smoothen it with a Finger or just a Pinky;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] {Masterly grip in Drawing.} If you however want to bring some pleasant softness or melting in your things, then accustom yourself in Drawing to here and there smoothen it with a Finger or just a Pinky;