[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] A sensible Practitioner should follow the nature of the Art of Drawing and Painting. But in the Illumination that is done regarding Prints or Printed Art, one should pay attention how the Master and Engraver has made the lines, here hard, there weak and soft, and similarly regarding the shadows that are marked by hatchings, to make the force of the Colours according to it, and although it might be that one softly sees the Hatchings through the Paints, it will not be thought of any less.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

Blauwe As is the same as Ascus. This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 9, 11, 50; part II: 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 21, 32, 41, 46, 47, 54, 57. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Blue ascus

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 28. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Ivory black.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 20; part II: 15, 16, 21, 55. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Different greens. Firstly there is bergh green […] verditor […] seder green is similar to these in all ways. Green Earth or Terraverde, is not used in the Illumination because of its unpleasant Colour, which is why we do not think it is necessary to say anything more about the Greens, seen that they are mixed the one from the other and moreover mixed together from Blue and Yellow in innumerable different Colours and adjusted with White or Yellow as desired.

For the translation of the names of the different types of green, I have used the translation from the English translation (1674). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 13, 14, 27; part II: 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 8. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Blue Lacquer

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 23, 24, 30; part II: 44, 45, 51. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: d, 13, 14, 16, 26, 27, ; part II: 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 48, 50, 51. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Brown Ochre.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part II: 3, 23, part II: 8, 10, 12, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the red colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Vermilion. Amongst the Red Colours none is as beautiful as Cinnabar or Vermilion; one can always find it grinded finely and dry. It is tempered with Gum-Water, and all sorts of Clothing are build up with it, yet not too thickly, because it is a strong Colour; (…) Vermilion is also used in the Carnation of Nudes, yet used modestly, as we will learn later.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] While some Colours are necessarily gummed greasy, and others thinly, some without it; as such one should pay attention, in wetting and mixing, to maintain the level that is necessary for the nature of the Paint: as there are Minium, Massicot, Brasil, Vermilion and also Ascus that can take strong Gum, but all other Paints are better mixed with some thin Gum-Water. Which one wants to apply to the Carnation or Skin-colour in the Nudes, mixing some with Glue-Water; than this is used a bit warmed up.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the red colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Vermilion. Amongst the Red Colours none is as beautiful as Cinnabar or Vermilion; one can always find it grinded finely and dry. It is tempered with Gum-Water, and all sorts of Clothing are build up with it, yet not too thickly, because it is a strong Colour; (…) Vermilion is also used in the Carnation of Nudes, yet used modestly, as we will learn later.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Brown Stil de grain yellow. Similarly the Brown Stil de grain yellow, which can be found in beautiful and bad [ndr: varieties], is rarely used in the Illumination; but the best type gives a Glowing transparent Colour, close to Brown-Yellow, in Oil paints.

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The hair of young Children, should be build up as that of young Women and Maidens, yet one should always pay attention to the different Colorings that occur in it; namely that the one is much more Yellow, Brown, Pale, Blond, Black or Gray than the other; wich one should imitate with the Mixing of Colors, to best approach the life, which the Art-Practitioner should remark and consider continually, so that he does not act like the Unwise Farmer who always puts his plow in the old furrow;

The chapter on hair (chapter five in the Dutch edition of 1670 and chapter four in the English translation) is much more succinct in the English translation. The section selected here is missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] To discuss each of the quadruped Animals separately, would need a long story: which is why we only want to speak of the most typical and principal ones, and pay most attention to those which are used most in some Compositions and appear regularly.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] [...] about the Rabbits we only have to remark, that more different colours can be found, than with the Hares; Namely white, black, pale, reddish, yet most grayish; regarding which nothing else but applying and choosing the colours is to be observed for the Colouring, like it can be found in other Animals that have already been described: because those who have come this far, will be able to imitate the other [ndr: animals] after the life and the occasion of their Mind.

The phrasing is more succinct in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Brown Stil de grain yellow. Similarly the Brown Stil de grain yellow, which can be found in beautiful and bad [ndr: varieties], is rarely used in the Illumination; but the best type gives a Glowing transparent Colour, close to Brown-Yellow, in Oil paints.

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. French berries. French berries is frequently used as well, and comes close to Saffron in colour, […] Because of its transparency it does not endure heightening, unless with shell gold. […]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Different greens. Firstly there is bergh green […] verditor […] seder green is similar to these in all ways. Green Earth or Terraverde, is not used in the Illumination because of its unpleasant Colour, which is why we do not think it is necessary to say anything more about the Greens, seen that they are mixed the one from the other and moreover mixed together from Blue and Yellow in innumerable different Colours and adjusted with White or Yellow as desired.

For the translation of the names of the different types of green, I have used the translation from the English translation (1674). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I : 2, 13, 14, 41; part II : 7, 20, 21, 23, 33, 35, 43, 46, 47, 53, 55, 57. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. French berries. French berries is frequently used as well, and comes close to Saffron in colour, […] Because of its transparency it does not endure heightening, unless with shell gold. […]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The Mind has the Freedom here, like in the general Art of Painting on Panel, because every Master choses such a Study that coincides with his inclination, as it is not easy to all be Universal and be equally great Masters in all things.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] We can say very little about the Marble Stone, as it should mostly originate from the Mind of the Practitioner. But to nonetheless say something, one could remark, that for building up the ground of the Marble Stone, whether White, Red or Black or of another Colour, some vague and fuzzy fields of colour, should be scumbled here and there

I have chosen to translate the term ‘aanschommelen’ as scumble, because this is the translation that is used in the English translation (1738) of De Lairesse’s Groot Schilderboek. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] [...] about the Rabbits we only have to remark, that more different colours can be found, than with the Hares; Namely white, black, pale, reddish, yet most grayish; regarding which nothing else but applying and choosing the colours is to be observed for the Colouring, like it can be found in other Animals that have already been described: because those who have come this far, will be able to imitate the other [ndr: animals] after the life and the occasion of their Mind.

The phrasing is more succinct in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The Mind has the Freedom here, like in the general Art of Painting on Panel, because every Master choses such a Study that coincides with his inclination, as it is not easy to all be Universal and be equally great Masters in all things.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Brown Stil de grain yellow. Similarly the Brown Stil de grain yellow, which can be found in beautiful and bad [ndr: varieties], is rarely used in the Illumination; but the best type gives a Glowing transparent Colour, close to Brown-Yellow, in Oil paints.

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Gold Leaf. […] And as we have said here about the Gold, one treats Silver the same way; as the preparation and use is one and the same.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 21. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Different greens. Firstly there is bergh green […] verditor […] seder green is similar to these in all ways. Green Earth or Terraverde, is not used in the Illumination because of its unpleasant Colour, which is why we do not think it is necessary to say anything more about the Greens, seen that they are mixed the one from the other and moreover mixed together from Blue and Yellow in innumerable different Colours and adjusted with White or Yellow as desired.

For the translation of the names of the different types of green, I have used the translation from the English translation (1674). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Because the Figures should either be placed dark against a light ground, or light against a dark ground: one commonly sees that the things, which are lit by a common daylight, are lightened in such a way, that the shadow side of the Bodies contrast more darkly against the ground, and the lightened part appears lighter than the ground; by which ordering the natural life always succeeds. Of which we could show the reason here, if it had not been too far removed from our intention. It also happens that the Bodies contrast completely dark against a light ground, as well as very lightened against a dark ground, and this so softly, that no great distinction is seen between the Colours, than is necessary for the natural harmony of Colour and Distance; wherefore it is to be observed as an important part of the Art of Painting. We intend to elaborate on it in the last Book of our Schilder-Konst.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 16. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As such this Colouring may be applied to all other Animals of similar types; such as, Oxes, Cows, Bulls, Dogs etc. . Because all that has the same Colour, has a similar handling.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It should then be remarked that the things that are far in the distance are seldom or sparingly heightened, and that in many case it is sufficient to faintly point out only light and shadow;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Massicot. Massicot is a very good Colour, some more Yellow than others, is mostly mixed with Green Colours, because by itself it is a bit pale: She is also used sometimes to give a Summery clarity to the perspective of the Sky, which one should softly place against the blue Mountains: It also serves for the Highlights of some Trees, the fields of sunlit Valleys, or plateaus in the Mountains and the like, as will be discussed with regard to the building up of landscapes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Secondly, a clean, pure and quiet Air, which appears a bit more somber and cool of condition, without a lot of variety of Colours, should be build up with clean Ascus, as said above; and with the same Blue, mixed with some more White, one will build up underneath highest Blue, and gradually blend from high to low, and it always has to remain a sweetening blue, and be the lightest on the Horizon; then one should vaguely accentuate some variable touches in the distance with the aforementioned Ascus, always observing that they remain diminishing, and show great depth.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Because the Figures should either be placed dark against a light ground, or light against a dark ground: one commonly sees that the things, which are lit by a common daylight, are lightened in such a way, that the shadow side of the Bodies contrast more darkly against the ground, and the lightened part appears lighter than the ground; by which ordering the natural life always succeeds. Of which we could show the reason here, if it had not been too far removed from our intention. It also happens that the Bodies contrast completely dark against a light ground, as well as very lightened against a dark ground, and this so softly, that no great distinction is seen between the Colours, than is necessary for the natural harmony of Colour and Distance; wherefore it is to be observed as an important part of the Art of Painting. We intend to elaborate on it in the last Book of our Schilder-Konst.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 7, 9, 10, 12; part II: 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 29, 32, 37, 41, 42, 43, 49, 51, 54, 55, 57. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the blue colours: their types, mixing and use. Indigo.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 27. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Collins Earth.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As such this Colouring may be applied to all other Animals of similar types; such as, Oxes, Cows, Bulls, Dogs etc. . Because all that has the same Colour, has a similar handling.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 23; part II: 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 28, 30, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Lacquer.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 10, 11, 25; part II: 50, 51. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Litmus.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 28; part II: 12. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Lamp black.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The Second Part of the Art of Illumination. Ninth Chapter. How one should colour all sorts of Landscapes, such as Mountains, Trees, Fields and Greenery, that are close and far away.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Similarly one takes Saffron and Minium for a beaming Sunlight, and heighten it with shell gold, and so on; the other appearances and moderations of the Skies, should be composed from the ones that were described, because not everything can be described, about the manifold changes that can be seen in it: Which is why we refer the Sensible Art-Practitioner to the Life, and other beautiful Paintings by good Masters.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The hair of young Children, should be build up as that of young Women and Maidens, yet one should always pay attention to the different Colorings that occur in it; namely that the one is much more Yellow, Brown, Pale, Blond, Black or Gray than the other; wich one should imitate with the Mixing of Colors, to best approach the life, which the Art-Practitioner should remark and consider continually, so that he does not act like the Unwise Farmer who always puts his plow in the old furrow;

The chapter on hair (chapter five in the Dutch edition of 1670 and chapter four in the English translation) is much more succinct in the English translation. The section selected here is missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It should then be remarked that the things that are far in the distance are seldom or sparingly heightened, and that in many case it is sufficient to faintly point out only light and shadow;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the red colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Vermilion. Amongst the Red Colours none is as beautiful as Cinnabar or Vermilion; one can always find it grinded finely and dry. It is tempered with Gum-Water, and all sorts of Clothing are build up with it, yet not too thickly, because it is a strong Colour; (…) Vermilion is also used in the Carnation of Nudes, yet used modestly, as we will learn later.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] While some Colours are necessarily gummed greasy, and others thinly, some without it; as such one should pay attention, in wetting and mixing, to maintain the level that is necessary for the nature of the Paint: as there are Minium, Massicot, Brasil, Vermilion and also Ascus that can take strong Gum, but all other Paints are better mixed with some thin Gum-Water. Which one wants to apply to the Carnation or Skin-colour in the Nudes, mixing some with Glue-Water; than this is used a bit warmed up.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 6, 9, 22, 25; part II: 3, 4, 12, 24. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of White Lead and Shell-white: its mixing and use, also of Shell-silver. White Lead

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 13, 19, 21; part II: 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 57. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Massicot. Massicot is a very good Colour, some more Yellow than others, is mostly mixed with Green Colours, because by itself it is a bit pale: She is also used sometimes to give a Summery clarity to the perspective of the Sky, which one should softly place against the blue Mountains: It also serves for the Highlights of some Trees, the fields of sunlit Valleys, or plateaus in the Mountains and the like, as will be discussed with regard to the building up of landscapes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The Mind has the Freedom here, like in the general Art of Painting on Panel, because every Master choses such a Study that coincides with his inclination, as it is not easy to all be Universal and be equally great Masters in all things.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 14, 15, 21, 30; part II: 5, 6, 7, 33, 34, 35, 36, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Minium.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Fourth Chapter. How one should colour the Nude with Watercolours.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] [...] about the Rabbits we only have to remark, that more different colours can be found, than with the Hares; Namely white, black, pale, reddish, yet most grayish; regarding which nothing else but applying and choosing the colours is to be observed for the Colouring, like it can be found in other Animals that have already been described: because those who have come this far, will be able to imitate the other [ndr: animals] after the life and the occasion of their Mind.

The phrasing is more succinct in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] While some Colours are necessarily gummed greasy, and others thinly, some without it; as such one should pay attention, in wetting and mixing, to maintain the level that is necessary for the nature of the Paint: as there are Minium, Massicot, Brasil, Vermilion and also Ascus that can take strong Gum, but all other Paints are better mixed with some thin Gum-Water. Which one wants to apply to the Carnation or Skin-colour in the Nudes, mixing some with Glue-Water; than this is used a bit warmed up.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] [...] about the Rabbits we only have to remark, that more different colours can be found, than with the Hares; Namely white, black, pale, reddish, yet most grayish; regarding which nothing else but applying and choosing the colours is to be observed for the Colouring, like it can be found in other Animals that have already been described: because those who have come this far, will be able to imitate the other [ndr: animals] after the life and the occasion of their Mind.

The phrasing is more succinct in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Regarding the Brushes, one should have many of them, in order not to be in need for specific things, but to be able to easily take a clean one; […] He who wants to do his things purely and neatly, should have at least two Brushes for every specific Colouring that he mixes or used, leading the one to the other, even three, so that he does not need to come from one paint into the other, which makes the Colours dirty, and lose their beautiful colour.

This chapter is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 15, 26; part II: 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 39, 40, 46, 47, 50, 53, 56. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Yellow Ochre.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: I: 3, 7, 29,; part II: 11, 49, 53, 54, 55. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] India Ink.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 13. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Orpiment

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] One should also be equipped with several pieces of clear Glass, that are smooth and pure, serving to place his paints on, to mix them om and work from it; seen that wooden palettes cannot serve for this.

This chapter is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Regarding the Brushes, one should have many of them, in order not to be in need for specific things, but to be able to easily take a clean one; […] He who wants to do his things purely and neatly, should have at least two Brushes for every specific Colouring that he mixes or used, leading the one to the other, even three, so that he does not need to come from one paint into the other, which makes the Colours dirty, and lose their beautiful colour.

This chapter is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] A sensible Practitioner should follow the nature of the Art of Drawing and Painting. But in the Illumination that is done regarding Prints or Printed Art, one should pay attention how the Master and Engraver has made the lines, here hard, there weak and soft, and similarly regarding the shadows that are marked by hatchings, to make the force of the Colours according to it, and although it might be that one softly sees the Hatchings through the Paints, it will not be thought of any less.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part II: 3, 23, part II: 8, 10, 12, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Red Ochre.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 13, 14, 27; part II: 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Soot from the Chimney.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 22; part II: 24, 27, 30, 39, 40. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Red Chalk.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 12; part II: 54. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 13, 14, 15, 22, 26, 41; part II: 7, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 50, 56. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Saffron.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 19, 20; part II: 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 33, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Sap green.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] A sensible Practitioner should follow the nature of the Art of Drawing and Painting. But in the Illumination that is done regarding Prints or Printed Art, one should pay attention how the Master and Engraver has made the lines, here hard, there weak and soft, and similarly regarding the shadows that are marked by hatchings, to make the force of the Colours according to it, and although it might be that one softly sees the Hatchings through the Paints, it will not be thought of any less.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 6, 24; part II: 10, 53. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 6, 7, 8; part II: 58. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: licht schijtgeel: part I: 2, 12; part II: 15, 16, 29, 34, 39, 42, 57 bruin schijtgeel: 2, 12, 15; part II: 11, 12, 41. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Light Stil de grain yellow.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Brown Stil de grain yellow. Similarly the Brown Stil de grain yellow, which can be found in beautiful and bad [ndr: varieties], is rarely used in the Illumination; but the best type gives a Glowing transparent Colour, close to Brown-Yellow, in Oil paints.

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It is also necessary to discuss, which things and colours should first be set up in a Work, because a lot depends on the ordering of Paints of one or the other, as the Splendor of the whole composition is caused by it; therefore one should always divide it in such a way, that the one does not oppress the other, but rather serve as each other’s embellishment. The ordering of Paints can be learned from many created things. [...] and that not a Colour of it will appear disorderly in the eyes of the Spectator, that does not serve the one as the embellishment of the other:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16; part II: 7, 56. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Different greens. Firstly there is bergh green […] verditor […] seder green is similar to these in all ways. Green Earth or Terraverde, is not used in the Illumination because of its unpleasant Colour, which is why we do not think it is necessary to say anything more about the Greens, seen that they are mixed the one from the other and moreover mixed together from Blue and Yellow in innumerable different Colours and adjusted with White or Yellow as desired.

For the translation of the names of the different types of green, I have used the translation from the English translation (1674). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It is also necessary to discuss, which things and colours should first be set up in a Work, because a lot depends on the ordering of Paints of one or the other, as the Splendor of the whole composition is caused by it; therefore one should always divide it in such a way, that the one does not oppress the other, but rather serve as each other’s embellishment. The ordering of Paints can be learned from many created things. [...] and that not a Colour of it will appear disorderly in the eyes of the Spectator, that does not serve the one as the embellishment of the other:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 10. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Smalt

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 18, 19; part II: 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Verdigris.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The hair of young Children, should be build up as that of young Women and Maidens, yet one should always pay attention to the different Colorings that occur in it; namely that the one is much more Yellow, Brown, Pale, Blond, Black or Gray than the other; wich one should imitate with the Mixing of Colors, to best approach the life, which the Art-Practitioner should remark and consider continually, so that he does not act like the Unwise Farmer who always puts his plow in the old furrow;

The chapter on hair (chapter five in the Dutch edition of 1670 and chapter four in the English translation) is much more succinct in the English translation. The section selected here is missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] While some Colours are necessarily gummed greasy, and others thinly, some without it; as such one should pay attention, in wetting and mixing, to maintain the level that is necessary for the nature of the Paint: as there are Minium, Massicot, Brasil, Vermilion and also Ascus that can take strong Gum, but all other Paints are better mixed with some thin Gum-Water. Which one wants to apply to the Carnation or Skin-colour in the Nudes, mixing some with Glue-Water; than this is used a bit warmed up.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 21. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the green colours: their preparation, mixing and use, according to the different types. Different greens. Firstly there is bergh green […] verditor […] seder green is similar to these in all ways. Green Earth or Terraverde, is not used in the Illumination because of its unpleasant Colour, which is why we do not think it is necessary to say anything more about the Greens, seen that they are mixed the one from the other and moreover mixed together from Blue and Yellow in innumerable different Colours and adjusted with White or Yellow as desired.

For the translation of the names of the different types of green, I have used the translation from the English translation (1674). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] A sensible Practitioner should follow the nature of the Art of Drawing and Painting. But in the Illumination that is done regarding Prints or Printed Art, one should pay attention how the Master and Engraver has made the lines, here hard, there weak and soft, and similarly regarding the shadows that are marked by hatchings, to make the force of the Colours according to it, and although it might be that one softly sees the Hatchings through the Paints, it will not be thought of any less.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

GOEREE, Willem, Stael of Monsterken of Colours , dans GOEREE, Willem, Verlichterie-kunde, of recht gebruyck der Water-Verwen: in welcke des selfs kennis, en volkomen gebruyck tot de Schilder-Kunde, ende de Illuminatie ofte Verlichterie noodigh zijnde, kortelijck werden geleert : Eertijts uytgegeven dor den voortreffelijcken verlichter Mr. Geerard ter Brugge. Ende nu tot nut der Liefhebbers voor de tweedemael doorgaens met noodige aenmerckingh vermeerdert; dienende om neffens het Illumineeren ofte Afsetten, oock het Coloreeren en Schilderen met Water-Verwen te Oeffenen, Den tweeden Druck, Middelburg, Wilhelmus Goeree, 1670, p. 2-3.

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 2, 9, 11. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Ultramarine

This paragraph is missing in the English translation. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] The Mind has the Freedom here, like in the general Art of Painting on Panel, because every Master choses such a Study that coincides with his inclination, as it is not easy to all be Universal and be equally great Masters in all things.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] And although much depends on being able to understand the Art of Drawing, for which much Work and pondering is necessary, to learn the Art of Illumination; yet one should know that although this Art needs all this that she does; that still many beautiful things can be made in this art, without being very learned in the Art of Drawing: such as the Fruit pieces, Banquets, Birds, and all sorts of Foliage and Flowers which are especially pleasant to the Eye and offer enough material of changeability, also to make one’s good Mind and Knowledge – which one has – familiar with it and radiate an illustrious name. The difficult things, such as Figures, Compositions, Animals and Landscapes and the like, may be began by Young Men who either lean towards more Knowledge, or have it already, after everyone is led towards these other [ndr: things] by other elements of his ingenuity; it can moreover easily happen that some Spirited Young Ladies by practicing the small tasks of the Art, would get the desire – because of the success of their labour – to penetrate further into the general parts of this Art and thus become excellent.

The introduction to the English translation does not follow the text of the original. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] A sensible Practitioner should follow the nature of the Art of Drawing and Painting. But in the Illumination that is done regarding Prints or Printed Art, one should pay attention how the Master and Engraver has made the lines, here hard, there weak and soft, and similarly regarding the shadows that are marked by hatchings, to make the force of the Colours according to it, and although it might be that one softly sees the Hatchings through the Paints, it will not be thought of any less.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Once it is diminished like that, one should thinly apply Massicot, under the far end of the Landscape, above the weakest, or there where the Air appears to go behind the Mountains and beneath the Horizon, as such placing a line along the aforementioned Landscape, or Mountains, and blending it then from below, towards the Purple, until it melts in it and is lost: Which should be done with a loose and competent hand without messing with it, because otherwise it will become dirty, and sometimes also runs the risk to come through the Paper.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] White. {1. Lead White. 2. Flake white. 3. Shell-silver.} Blue. {4. Indigo. 5. Blue Laquer. 6. Blue bice. 7. Smalt. 8. Ultramarine. 9. Litmus.} Yellow. {10. Light Pinck. 11. Brown Pinck. 12. Masticot. 13. Yellow orpiment. 14. Saffron. 15. French berries. 16. Yellow Ocher. 17. Gum bugee. 18. Spruce Oker. 19. Shell-Gold.} Green. {20. Verdigris. 21. Sap Green. 22. Bergh Green. 23. Terraverde.} Red. {24. Vermilion. 25. Red lead. 26. Red Chalk. 27. Red Ocher. Spanish brown. 28. Lake. 29. Brasil.} Brown {30. Brown Ocher. 31. Soot. 32. Collins Earth.} Black {33. Lamp black. 34. Ivory Black. 35. Vine black. 36. Smal-coal black. 37. East India ink.} The other Colours that may be of use in the Illumination, can all be mixed and found from the aforementioned Colours through mixing;

This colour is also cited on pages: part I: 3, 21, 30; part II: 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, 54. In between pages 2 and 3, Goeree inserted a sample sheet, on which the owner of the book could paint the different colours mentioned in the book. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the red colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Vermilion. Amongst the Red Colours none is as beautiful as Cinnabar or Vermilion; one can always find it grinded finely and dry. It is tempered with Gum-Water, and all sorts of Clothing are build up with it, yet not too thickly, because it is a strong Colour; (…) Vermilion is also used in the Carnation of Nudes, yet used modestly, as we will learn later.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Secondly, a clean, pure and quiet Air, which appears a bit more somber and cool of condition, without a lot of variety of Colours, should be build up with clean Ascus, as said above; and with the same Blue, mixed with some more White, one will build up underneath highest Blue, and gradually blend from high to low, and it always has to remain a sweetening blue, and be the lightest on the Horizon; then one should vaguely accentuate some variable touches in the distance with the aforementioned Ascus, always observing that they remain diminishing, and show great depth.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Of the yellow colours: their preparation, mixing and use. Massicot. Massicot is a very good Colour, some more Yellow than others, is mostly mixed with Green Colours, because by itself it is a bit pale: She is also used sometimes to give a Summery clarity to the perspective of the Sky, which one should softly place against the blue Mountains: It also serves for the Highlights of some Trees, the fields of sunlit Valleys, or plateaus in the Mountains and the like, as will be discussed with regard to the building up of landscapes.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Secondly, a clean, pure and quiet Air, which appears a bit more somber and cool of condition, without a lot of variety of Colours, should be build up with clean Ascus, as said above; and with the same Blue, mixed with some more White, one will build up underneath highest Blue, and gradually blend from high to low, and it always has to remain a sweetening blue, and be the lightest on the Horizon; then one should vaguely accentuate some variable touches in the distance with the aforementioned Ascus, always observing that they remain diminishing, and show great depth.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It should then be remarked that the things that are far in the distance are seldom or sparingly heightened, and that in many case it is sufficient to faintly point out only light and shadow;

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] It is also necessary to discuss, which things and colours should first be set up in a Work, because a lot depends on the ordering of Paints of one or the other, as the Splendor of the whole composition is caused by it; therefore one should always divide it in such a way, that the one does not oppress the other, but rather serve as each other’s embellishment. The ordering of Paints can be learned from many created things. [...] and that not a Colour of it will appear disorderly in the eyes of the Spectator, that does not serve the one as the embellishment of the other:

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] Furthermore, the other small Fruit growing in the earth [ndr: beets, carrots etc.] should attempted to be done after the life, because the Loving Artist who wants to practice himself in this, should always be inclined to generally observe the life with attention, so that – if he has to do without the life – he could help himself by means of his trained imagination, because it is impossible to describe everything here. But before we end this Chapter, we should first remark, especially for the Fruits, that one should not make them always of one Colouring, especially when the same thing is depicted several times in one piece, like in Fruit pieces, in which an Apple, Pear, Apricot nor Prune is not the same as the others, but always different, one a bit more yellow, greener, redder, and so on, than the other, which is a pleasure to behold and shows the mind of the Artist.

This section is more succinct in the English translation and the selected terms are missing. [MO]

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] As the Amateur will often find the building up , shadowing, deepening and heightening discussed in the continuation of this Verlichterie-Kunde, as they are the principal actions in the practice of Watercolouring; as such it is necessary, to briefly mention something for the profound understanding of them, because one cannot acquire a perfect practice of this Art, without profound knowledge of it. We start first by explaining the building up, being the start of all that one wants to do in this Art. Building up is, when one builds up a thing, with any Colour of Paint that one choses for it, flat and uniformly as is desired and simply covers, without paying attention to any shadow or light. Built up, once the paint is dry, one continues by shadowing and deepening, as we will call it from now on; and it is done on the ground, which was build up beforehand; it is always done by means of a colour that is greasier, stronger or darker than the one with which it was build up: because of which the Parts of dark and light are discerned and framed; that is, that one can recognize the shadows and flatness of things, and see them rise, while they appeared to be flat before; [...] The third observation now is heightening, which should happen at the light spot of all things, where the light falls strongest without any shadow; and this heightening mostly occurs on high and protruding parts, such as on Humans on the Jaws, on top of the Nose, on the Forehead, Chin, Shoulders, Breast, Buttocks, Elbow, Knees, etc. . Similarly in Clothing on the folds, and flat parts of Limbs that are expressed by it; and furthermore everything that raises itself above the surface; this is done with a lighter Paint and happier Colour, as the one with which it is build up: and heighten it in a way as it is lit up more or less according to its level, towards the strongest light, to round it and make come forward, etc. [...] now the shadows that are made on the grounded Paper, also coincide with the shadows that, in Painting, one places over the first layer with a stronger Paint; the highlights also coincide; the depths accord with the touches, that are placed here and there in the Drawing; and there is no difference between Drawing and Illumination-painting, as the handling of the Brush, and that one often imagines that every applied Colour on which one has to Paint, is a kind of grounded paper on which one Draws, and that one practices the manner of Drawing beforehand, which is called washing. It may also be remarked, that one should always place the shadows, depths, highlights, after the Colour of the ground-surface, on which it is placed: because if these are not corresponding , they will be too hard – if they are too strong – or too weak and Buttermilk-like – if they are not sufficiently strong.

[suggested translation, Marije Osnabrugge:] When one is Painting Illumination, that one Invents and Draws oneself, Copies or that one wants to colour some Art of Printing in a natural way, one should always pay attention to the evenness and flatness and also especially to the harmony, or moving back and forth, which should be caused by the difference between strong and weak Colours, by adding them flatly and proportionally diminishing, without them causing any hardness or stiffness.

In the English translation, this section is part of the Introduction to the second part of the book. The structure of this introduction is therefore different from the Dutch chapter (in the second edition of 1670, which we are treating here). Many of the terms are described in the English introduction, but no specific terms are used (for eenparigheid, vlakheid, houding). [MO]